Band 10 | Band 11 | |
---|---|---|
K1 | 1774.89 | 1480.89 |
K2 | 1321.08 | 1201.14 |
Parameter | Land cover class | N | Mean | SD | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
LST [°C] | Bare land | 2598 | 29.17 | 1.30 | 29.12 | 29.22 | 23.17 | 32.45 |
Built-up area | 52944 | 29.80 | 1.46 | 29.79 | 29.82 | 19.48 | 34.81 | |
Vegetation | 111404 | 27.72 | 1.36 | 27.71 | 27.73 | 20.51 | 36.90 | |
Total | 166946 | 28.40 | 1.70 | 28.40 | 28.41 | 19.48 | 36.90 | |
NDVI [−] | Bare land | 2598 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.68 |
Built-up area | 52944 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.28 | −0.02 | 0.68 | |
Vegetation | 111404 | 0.56 | 0.11 | 0.56 | 0.56 | −0.06 | 0.80 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.47 | −0.06 | 0.80 | |
EVI [−] | Bare land | 2598 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.43 |
Built-up area | 52944 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.16 | −0.01 | 0.48 | |
Vegetation | 111404 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.34 | −0.04 | 0.60 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.28 | −0.04 | 0.60 |
Parameter | Land cover class | N | Mean | SD | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
LST [°C] | Bare land | 859 | 25.31 | 1.04 | 25.24 | 25.38 | 21.30 | 27.93 |
Built-up area | 5036 | 26.39 | 0.80 | 26.36 | 26.41 | 22.67 | 29.18 | |
Vegetation | 161051 | 22.55 | 1.10 | 22.54 | 22.55 | 17.63 | 29.14 | |
Total | 166946 | 22.68 | 1.29 | 22.67 | 22.68 | 17.63 | 29.18 | |
NDVI [−] | Bare land | 859 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.33 |
Built-up area | 5036 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.28 | |
Vegetation | 161051 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.50 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.50 | |
EVI [−] | Bare land | 859 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.26 |
Built-up area | 5036 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.20 | |
Vegetation | 161051 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.41 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.41 |
Parameter | LST | NDVI | EVI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1984 | 2002 | 2013 | 2019 | 1984 | 2002 | 2013 | 2019 | 1984 | 2002 | 2013 | 2019 | |
LST 1984 | 1.00 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.31 | −0.63 | −0.62 | −0.51 | −0.46 | −0.63 | −0.60 | −0.48 | −0.45 |
LST 2002 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.60 | −0.48 | −0.70 | −0.68 | −0.71 | −0.42 | −0.65 | −0.58 | −0.69 |
LST 2013 | 0.53 | .80* | 1.00 | 0.66 | −0.54 | −0.75 | −0.86 | −0.85 | −0.48 | −0.69 | −0.79 | −0.85 |
LST 2019 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 1.00 | −0.16 | −0.41 | −0.53 | −0.64 | −0.13 | −0.37 | −0.43 | −0.62 |
NDVI 1984 | −0.63 | −0.48 | −0.54 | −0.16 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.56 | |
NDVI 2002 | −0.62 | −0.70 | −0.75 | −0.41 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.74 | |
NDVI 2013 | −0.51 | −0.68 | −0.86 | −0.53 | 0.63 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.78 | 0.86 | |
NDVI 2019 | −0.46 | −0.71 | −0.85 | −0.64 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.79 | |
EVI 1984 | −0.63 | −0.42 | −0.48 | −0.13 | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.51 | |
EVI 2002 | −0.60 | −0.65 | −0.69 | −0.37 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.71 | |
EVI 2013 | −0.48 | −0.58 | −0.79 | −0.43 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.82 | |
EVI 2019 | −0.45 | −0.69 | −0.85 | −0.62 | 0.56 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 1.00 |
Land cover class | Description |
---|---|
Built-up area | This feature class encompasses settlements within the study area |
Bare land | Paved surfaces, exposed topsoil |
Water body | This encompasses all surface water bodies visible on the imagery |
Vegetation | Shrubs, grasslands, cultivated lands, wetlands and mangroves |
S/N | Land cover class | 1984 | 2002 | 2013 | 2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | ||
1 | Bare land | 7.08 | 0.40 | 50.53 | 2.83 | 13.65 | 0.76 | 24.85 | 1.39 |
2 | Built-up area | 40.77 | 2.28 | 130.34 | 7.30 | 416.27 | 23.32 | 441.49 | 24.73 |
3 | Vegetation | 1321.78 | 74.05 | 1199.50 | 67.20 | 956.68 | 53.60 | 933.83 | 52.32 |
4 | Water body | 415.37 | 23.27 | 404.63 | 22.67 | 398.40 | 22.32 | 384.83 | 21.56 |
Total | 1785.00 | 100.00 | 1785.00 | 100.00 | 1785.00 | 100.00 | 1785.00 | 100.00 |
Land cover class | Equation | R2 | Significance (p<0.001) | Sampled cells |
---|---|---|---|---|
All land cover classes | LST = 0.193T − 8.542NDVI − 356.929 | 0.812 | 0.000 | 667784 |
LST = 0.173T − 12.441EVI − 316.797 | 0.784 | 0.000 | ||
Bare land | LST = 0.158T − 6.072EVI − 288.905 | 0.542 | 0.000 | 10865 |
LST = 0.158T − 4.395NDVI − 289.447 | 0.557 | 0.000 | ||
Built-up area | LST = 0.149T − 7.863EVI − 269.420 | 0.410 | 0.000 | 123246 |
LST = 0.153T − 5.335NDVI − 276.318 | 0.421 | 0.000 | ||
Vegetation | LST = 0.159T − 9.795EVI − 290.462 | 0.729 | 0.000 | 533673 |
LST = 0.187T − 7.943NDVI − 344.852 | 0.770 | 0.000 |
Land Cover | 1984 | 2002 | 2013 | 2019 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dt [°C] | S | CI | Dt [°C] | S | CI | Dt [°C] | S | CI | Dt [°C] | S | CI | |
Bare Land | 2.63 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.72 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 2.34 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Built-up Area | 3.71 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 1.91 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 2.88 | 0.23 | 0.67 | 1.40 | 0.25 | 0.35 |
Vegetation | −0.13 | 0.74 | −0.10 | −0.28 | 0.67 | −0.19 | −1.26 | 0.54 | −0.68 | −0.68 | 0.52 | −0.36 |
Category | Time | Mean LST [°C] | Mean NDVI [−] | Mean EVI [−] |
---|---|---|---|---|
All land cover classes | 1984 | 22.68 | 0.37 | 0.27 |
2002 | 24.34 | 0.52 | 0.32 | |
2013 | 26.46 | 0.60 | 0.37 | |
2019 | 28.40 | 0.47 | 0.28 | |
S | 6 | 2 | 2 | |
Sig. | 0.042* | 0.375 | 0.375 | |
Qmed | 0.178 | – | – | |
Bare land | 1984 | 25.31 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
2002 | 26.06 | 0.25 | 0.16 | |
2013 | 28.80 | 0.25 | 0.18 | |
2019 | 29.17 | 0.29 | 0.19 | |
S | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
Sig. | 0.042* | 0.042* | 0.042* | |
Qmed | 0.115 | 0.006 | 0.003 | |
Built-up area | 1984 | 26.39 | 0.14 | 0.10 |
2002 | 26.25 | 0.26 | 0.16 | |
2013 | 29.34 | 0.37 | 0.23 | |
2019 | 29.80 | 0.27 | 0.16 | |
S | 4 | 4 | 3 | |
Sig. | 0.167 | 0.167 | 0.375 | |
Qmed | – | – | – | |
Vegetation | 1984 | 22.55 | 0.38 | 0.27 |
2002 | 24.06 | 0.56 | 0.35 | |
2013 | 25.20 | 0.70 | 0.43 | |
2019 | 27.72 | 0.56 | 0.34 | |
S | 6 | 4 | 2 | |
Sig. | 0.042* | 0.167 | 0.375 | |
Qmed | 0.126 | – | – |
Parameter | Land cover class | N | Mean | SD | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
LST [°C] | Bare land | 5948 | 26.06 | 1.04 | 26.03 | 26.08 | 22.74 | 29.85 |
Built-up area | 15698 | 26.25 | 0.99 | 26.24 | 26.27 | 22.95 | 29.55 | |
Vegetation | 145300 | 24.06 | 0.95 | 24.06 | 24.07 | 22.36 | 29.64 | |
Total | 166946 | 24.34 | 1.20 | 24.33 | 24.35 | 22.36 | 29.85 | |
NDVI [−] | Bare land | 5948 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.52 |
Built-up area | 15698 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.59 | |
Vegetation | 145300 | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 0.56 | −0.20 | 0.70 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.52 | 0.13 | 0.52 | 0.52 | −0.20 | 0.70 | |
EVI [−] | Bare land | 5948 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.35 |
Built-up area | 15698 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.42 | |
Vegetation | 145300 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.35 | −0.08 | 0.56 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.32 | −0.08 | 0.56 |
Parameter | Land cover class | N | Mean | SD | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
LST [°C] | Bare land | 1460 | 28.80 | 1.82 | 28.70 | 28.89 | 24.46 | 34.15 |
Built-up area | 49568 | 29.34 | 1.90 | 29.32 | 29.35 | 23.80 | 36.31 | |
Vegetation | 115918 | 25.20 | 1.31 | 25.19 | 25.21 | 23.09 | 34.73 | |
Total | 166946 | 26.46 | 2.43 | 26.45 | 26.47 | 23.09 | 36.31 | |
NDVI [−] | Bare land | 1460 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.63 |
Built-up area | 49568 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.38 | −0.12 | 0.72 | |
Vegetation | 115918 | 0.70 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.70 | −0.12 | 0.85 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 0.60 | 0.60 | −0.12 | 0.85 | |
EVI [−] | Bare land | 1460 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.43 |
Built-up area | 49568 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.23 | −0.04 | 0.53 | |
Vegetation | 115918 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 0.43 | −0.05 | 0.74 | |
Total | 166946 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 0.37 | −0.05 | 0.74 |
Landsat 5 TM | Landsat 7 ETM+ | |
---|---|---|
K1 | 1607.76 | 1666.09 |
K2 | 1260.56 | 1282.71 |