Open Access

Violent Extremism in the Western Balkans: Re-Shaping the Islamist Terrorist Phenomenon in South-Eastern Europe


Cite

Alexandrova-Arbatova, N. 2004. “European security and international terrorism: the Balkan connection”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 4 (3), 361–378.10.1080/1468385042000281602Search in Google Scholar

Arsovska, J., and Dimal Basha. 2012. “Globalizing the Western Balkans: Transnational Crime, Fundamental Islam and Unholy Alliances”. Études caribéennes.10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5871Search in Google Scholar

Azinović, V., and Muhamed Jusić. 2015. The lure of the Syrian war: the foreign fighters’ Bosnian contingent. Atlantic Initiative.Search in Google Scholar

Azinović, V., and Muhamed Jusić. 2016. The new lure of the Syrian war: the foreign fighters’ Bosnian contingent. Atlantic Initiative.Search in Google Scholar

Bąkowski, P., and Laura Puccio. 2016. Foreign fighters — Member State responses and EU action. European Parliamentary Research Service.Search in Google Scholar

Barret, R. 2014. Foreign fighters in Syria. The Soufan Group.Search in Google Scholar

Barret, R. 2017. Beyond the caliphate. Foreign fighters and the threat of returnees. The Soufan Group.Search in Google Scholar

BBC 2018. “Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps”. BBC, March 23. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034.Search in Google Scholar

Benazzo, S. (2016). “BOSNIA: Se non è rivendicato, non è attentato” [BOSNIA: If not Claimed it is not a Terrorist Attack]. East Journal, January 27. https://www.eastjournal.net/archives/69443.Search in Google Scholar

Beta (2015). “Ko je Nerdin Ibrić, napadač na policijsku stanicu u Zvorniku” [Who is Nerdin Ibrić, the attacker of a police station in Zvornik]. N1, April 28. http://ba.n1info.com/Vijesti/a39033/Ko-je-Nerdin-Ibric-napadac-na-policijsku-stanicu-u-Zvorniku.html.Search in Google Scholar

Bosnia and Herzegovina Council of Ministers (2015). Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for preventing and combating terrorism 2015–2020. Sarajevo: Bosnia and Herzegovina Council of MinistersSearch in Google Scholar

Brandon, J. (2009). “The Danger of Prison Radicalization in the West”. CTC Sentinel, 2 (12), 1–4.Search in Google Scholar

Carenzi, Silvia (2017). Il ritorno dei foreign fighters europei: rischi e prospettive. [The European foreign fighters’ coming back: risks and perspectives]. Ispi.Search in Google Scholar

Central Intelligence Agency (2017). Cia World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.Search in Google Scholar

Corradi, E. (2018). “Is ‘Balkanism’ still actual? A study over Italian newspapers’ perception about Islam in Western Balkans”. Balkan Social Science Review, 11, 131–147.Search in Google Scholar

Cronin, A. K. (2002). “Behind the Curve. Globalization and International Terrorism”. International Security, Vol. 27 (3), 30–58.10.1162/01622880260553624Search in Google Scholar

Dearden, L. (2016). “Isis attack on Israeli football team foiled by police at World Cup qualifier in Albania”. The Independent, November 17. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/isis-attack-israeli-israel-football-team-police-kosovo-terror-simultaneous-a7422696.html.Search in Google Scholar

Deliso, C. (2007). The coming Balkan caliphate. The threat of radical Islam to Europe and the West. London: Praeger Security International.Search in Google Scholar

Fletora Zyrtare (2014) Fletora Zyrtare n° 132 [Official Gazette n° 132]. Fletora Zyrtare. Available at: www.qbz.gov.al/botime/fletore_zyrtare/2014/PDF-2014/132–2014.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Gibas-Krzak, D. (2013). “Contemporary terrorism in the Balkans: a real threat to security in Europe”. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 26, 203–218.10.1080/13518046.2013.779861Search in Google Scholar

Hammond, A. (2006). “Balkanism in Political Context: from the Ottoman Empire to the EU”. Westminster papers in Communication and Culture, 3 (3), 6–26.10.16997/wpcc.56Search in Google Scholar

Hegghammer, T. (2010). “The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters”. International Security, 35 (3), 53–94.10.1162/ISEC_a_00023Search in Google Scholar

Hegghammer, T. (2016). “The Future of Jihadism in Europe: a pessimistic view”. Perspectives on Terrorism10 (6), 156–170.Search in Google Scholar

Hegghammer, T. (2020). The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781139049375Search in Google Scholar

Hetemi, A. (2015). “Orientalism, Balkanism and the Western Viewpoint in the Context of the Former Yugoslavia”. Illiria International Review, 5 (1), 311–335.10.21113/iir.v5i1.22Search in Google Scholar

Index (2006). “U Sarajevu nožem izmasakrirao vlastitu majku” [In Sarajevo, the stabber who slaughtered his mother]. Index, February 28. https://www.index.hr/Vijesti/clanak/u-sarajevu-nozem-izmasakrirao-vlastitu-majku/309391.aspx.Search in Google Scholar

Index (2002). “U Kostajnici pokopani ubijeni članovi obitelji Anđelić” [In Kostajnic the killer of the Anđelić family]. Index, December 27. https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-kostajnici-pokopani-ubijeni-clanovi-obitelji-andjelic/109574.aspx.Search in Google Scholar

Karklis, L. and Tim Meko (2017). “The rise and fall of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria”. The Washington Post, October 17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47210891.Search in Google Scholar

Kasfir, N. (2015). “Rebel governance — constructing a field of inquiry: definitions, scope, patterns, order, causes.” Chapter 1 in Rebel Governance in Civil War, edited by Ana Arjona, Nelson Kasfir and Zachariah Mampilly, 21–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316182468.002Search in Google Scholar

Kepel, G. (2003). “The origins and development of the jihadist movement: from anti-communism to terrorism”. Asian Affairs, 34 (2), 91–108.10.1080/0306837032000118198Search in Google Scholar

Kepel. G. (2008). Beyond terror and martyrdom: The future of the Middle East. Cambridge, Harvard Belknap Press.10.4159/9780674039551Search in Google Scholar

Koneska, Cvete (2014). After Ethnic Conflict. Policy-making in Post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. Dorchester: Ashgate.Search in Google Scholar

Kursani, S. (2015). Report inquiring into the causes and consequences of Kosovo citizens” involvement as foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Kosovar Center for Security Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Lebl, L. S. (2014). Islamism and security in Bosnia-Herzegovina. U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute.10.21236/ADA602032Search in Google Scholar

Li, Q. & Schaub, D. (2004). “Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism”. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48 (2), 230–258.10.1177/0022002703262869Search in Google Scholar

Malet, D. (2010). “Why Foreign Fighters? Historical Perspectives and Solutions”. Orbis, Winter 2010, 97–114.10.1016/j.orbis.2009.10.007Search in Google Scholar

Metodieva, A. (2018). Balkan foreign fighters are coming back: what should be done? Strategic Policy Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Muji, A. (2017). Reintegration of Returning Foreign Fighters: what approach best suits Kosovo? Kosovar Centre for Security Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Nesser, P. (2008). “Chronology of Jihadism in Western Europe 1994–2007: planned, prepared, and executed terrorist attacks”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31, 924–946.10.1080/10576100802339185Search in Google Scholar

Nesser, P. (2010). “Chronology of Jihadism in Western Europe Update 2008–2010”. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment.Search in Google Scholar

Nesser, P. (2014). “Toward an Increasingly Heterogeneous Threat: A Chronology of Jihadist Terrorism in Europe 2008–2013”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37, 440–456.10.1080/1057610X.2014.893405Search in Google Scholar

Neumann, P. R. (2010). “Prisons and Terrorism. Radicalisation and De-radicalisation in 15 Countries”. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence.Search in Google Scholar

Neumann, P. R. (2016). Radicalized. New jihadists and the threat to the West. London: I. B. Tauris.10.5040/9781350987692Search in Google Scholar

Nezavisne (2015). “Ovo je Enes Omeragić, sarajevski terorista, koji je ubio dva vojnika” [This is Enes Omeragić, the terrorist from Sarajevo who killed two soldiers]. Nezavisne, November 19. https://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/bih/Ovo-je-Enes-Omeragic-sarajevski-terorista-koji-je-ubio-dva-vojnika/337394.Search in Google Scholar

Paini, S. (2016). La mezzaluna d’Europa [The European Crescent Moon]. XXX: La Scuola.Search in Google Scholar

Péclard, Didier & Mechoulan, Delphine (2015). “Rebel Governance and the Politics of Civil War”. Swiss Peace Foundation, Working Paper.Search in Google Scholar

Republic of Kosovo (2012). Republic of Kosovo National Strategy against Terrorism. Prishtinë: Republika e Kosovës — Qeveria.Search in Google Scholar

Republic of North Macedonia (2014). Закон за изменуваењ на кривичниот законик [Law on Amendments of the Criminal Code]. Republic of North Macedonia. Available at: www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/100862/121256/F-907376224/64.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Roy, Olivier (2017). Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of the Islamic State. London: C Hurst & Co.Search in Google Scholar

Ruby, C. (2002). “The Definition of Terrorism”. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2 (1), 9–14.10.1111/j.1530-2415.2002.00021.xSearch in Google Scholar

Selimi, K. & Stojkovski, F. (2016). Assessment of Macedonia’s efforts in countering violent extremism view from civil society. Analitika.Search in Google Scholar

Shtuni, A. (2015). “Ethnic Albanians foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria”. CTC Sentinel, 8 (4), 11–14.Search in Google Scholar

Squires, N. (2017). “Italian police break up alleged jihadist cell that planned to attack Venice’s Rialto Bridge”. The Telegraph, March 30. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/30/italian-police-break-alleged-jihadist-cell-planned-attack-venices/.Search in Google Scholar

Strazzari, F. & Stambøl, M. (2015). We saw it coming: jihadist terrorism, challenges for the European Union. Nupi Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.Search in Google Scholar

Tilly, C. (2004). “Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists”. Sociological Theory, 22 (1), 5–13.10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00200.xSearch in Google Scholar

Todorova, M. (1994). “The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention”. Slavic Review, 5 (2), 453–482.10.2307/2501301Search in Google Scholar

Todorova, M. (2009). Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Tziampiris, A. (2009). “Assessing Islamic terrorism in the Western Balkans: the state of the debate”. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 11 (2), -219.10.1080/19448950902921143Search in Google Scholar

UNSC (2014). Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014). United Nations Security Council.Search in Google Scholar

Urdal, H. (2004). “The Devil in the Demographics: The Effect of Youth Bulges on Domestic Armed Conflict, 1950–2000”. Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction, 14.Search in Google Scholar

Vecernji (2016). “Grabar Kitarović: Iz Islamske države u BiH se vraća tisuće boraca”. Vecernji, December 6, https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/grabar-kitarovic-iz-islamskedrzave-u-bih-se-vraca-tisuce-boraca-1133717.Search in Google Scholar

Wiktorowicz, Q. (2001). “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad”. Middle East Policy, 8 (4), 18–38.10.1111/j.1475-4967.2001.tb00006.xSearch in Google Scholar

Wiktorowicz, Q. (2005). “A Genealogy of radical Islam”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 28 (2), 75–97.10.1080/10576100590905057Search in Google Scholar

Wiktorowicz, Q. (2006). “Anatomy of the SalafiMovement”. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29 (3), 207–239.10.1080/10576100500497004Search in Google Scholar