Open Access

Virtual reality and consumer behavior: constraints, negotiation, negotiation-efficacy, and participation in virtual golf


Cite

Alexandris, K., & Carroll, B. (1997). Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece. Leis. Stud.16(2), 107–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026143697375449.10.1080/026143697375449Search in Google Scholar

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Soc. Methods Res. 21(2), 230–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005.10.1177/0049124192021002005Search in Google Scholar

Choi, C. (2016). An investigation of virtual golf in the Republic of Korea from a marketing perspective. Doctoral dissertation. Retrieved from Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Accession Order No. 2418).Search in Google Scholar

Choi, C., Greenwell, T. C., Hums, M. A., & Hambrick, M. E. (2019). Understanding consumer behaviors in virtual golf: Differences in leisure constraints. Sport Mark. Q.28, 46-57.10.32731/SMQ.281.032019.04Search in Google Scholar

Crawford, D. W. & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leis. Sci.9(2), 119–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151.10.1080/01490408709512151Search in Google Scholar

Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leis. Sci.13(4), 309–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147.10.1080/01490409109513147Search in Google Scholar

Dishman, R. K. (1994). Advances in Exercise Adherence. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Search in Google Scholar

Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Han, H., Baek, H., Lee, K. & Huh, B. (2014). Perceived benefits, attitude, image, desire, and intention in virtual golf leisure. J. Hosp. Market.Manag.23(5), 465–486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2013.813888.10.1080/19368623.2013.813888Search in Google Scholar

Hawkins, B. A., Peng, J., Hsieh, C. M., & Eklund, S. J. (1999). Leisure constraints: A replication and extension of construct development. Leis. Sci.21(3), 179–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/014904099273066.10.1080/014904099273066Search in Google Scholar

Henderson, K. A., Bedini, L. A., Hecht, L. & Schuler, R. (1995). Women with physical disabilities and the negotiation of leisure constraints. Leis. Stud.14(1), 17–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614369500390021.10.1080/02614369500390021Search in Google Scholar

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electr. J. Bus. Res. Methods, 6(1), 53–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R.Search in Google Scholar

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychol. Methods, 3(4), 424–453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424.10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424Search in Google Scholar

Hubbard, J., & Mannell, R. C. (2001). Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leis. Sci. 23(3), 145–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/014904001316896846.10.1080/014904001316896846Search in Google Scholar

Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Mannell, R. C. (1985). Social and psychological constraints on leisure. In M.G. Wade (Ed.), Constraints on leisure (pp. 111–151). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, E. L. (1988). Leisure constraints: A survey of past research. Leis. Sci. 10(3), 203–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408809512190.10.1080/01490408809512190Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, E. L., Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leis. Sci.15(1), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409309513182.10.1080/01490409309513182Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, E. L., & Dunn, E. (1991). Is constrained leisure an internally homogeneous concept? Leis. Sci.13(3), 167–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513136.10.1080/01490409109513136Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, E. L. & Rucks, V. C. (1993). Reasons for ceasing participation and barriers to participation: further examination of constrained leisure as an internally homogeneous concept. Leis. Sci.15(3), 217–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409309513201.10.1080/01490409309513201Search in Google Scholar

Jun, J., & Kyle, G. T. (2011). The effect of identity conflict/facilitation on the experience of constraints to leisure and constraint negotiation. J. Leis. Res.43(2), 176–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950232.10.1080/00222216.2011.11950232Search in Google Scholar

Jung, J., Park, H., Kang, H., Lee, S., & Hahn, M. (2010). Measurement of initial motion of a flying golf ball with multi-exposure images for screen-golf. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electr.56(2), 516–523. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2010.5505964.10.1109/TCE.2010.5505964Search in Google Scholar

Kerr-Dineen, L. (2018). This is a simulation. (And it’s still golf!). Retrieved September 21, 2017, from https://www.golfdigest.com/story/this-is-a-simulation-and-its-still-golf-golf-simulatorsSearch in Google Scholar

Kim, T., Seo, H., Kim, M. C., & Chang, K. (2014). Customer productivity in technology-based self-service of virtual golf simulators. Int. J. Sports Mark. Sponsorship, 16(1), 24–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-16-01-2014-B003.10.1108/IJSMS-16-01-2014-B003Search in Google Scholar

Lee, D., Cheon, W., Judge, L. W., Shin, H., & Kim, K. (2012). Motives and marketing stimuli affecting eSports consumption: Cross-cultural perspectives. Int. J. SportsManag.13, 203–223.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, H., Chung, S., & Lee, W. (2013). Presence in virtual golf simulators: The effects of presence on perceived enjoyment, perceived value, and behavioral intention. New Media Soc. 15(6), 930–946. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812464033.10.1177/1461444812464033Search in Google Scholar

Loucks-Atkinson, A., & Mannell, R. C. (2007). Role of self-efficacy in the constraints negotiation process: The case of individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome. Leis. Sci. 29(1), 19–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400600983313.10.1080/01490400600983313Search in Google Scholar

Lyu, S. O., & Lee, Y. (2018). How do golf tourists manage golfing constraints? A choice modeling approach. J. Hosp. Tour. Res. 42(2), 295–318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348015597036.10.1177/1096348015597036Search in Google Scholar

Mullin, B. J., Hardy, S., & Sutton, W. A. (2014). Sport Marketing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Search in Google Scholar

Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.Search in Google Scholar

Ridinger, L.L., Funk, D. C., Jordan, J. S., & Kaplanidou, K. K. (2012). Marathons for the masses: exploring the role of negotiation-efficacy and involvement on running commitment. J. Leis. Res., 44(2), 155–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2012.11950260.10.1080/00222216.2012.11950260Search in Google Scholar

Schupak, A. (2018). Simulated golf, real results: Off-course participation helps drive engagement. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.thengfq.com/2018/01/simulated-golf-real-results-off-course-participation-helps-drive-engagement/Search in Google Scholar

Scott, D. (1991). The problematic nature of participation in contract bridge: A qualitative study of group-related constraints. Leis. Sci.13(4), 321–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513148.10.1080/01490409109513148Search in Google Scholar

Smith, R. W. (1987). Leisure of disable tourists: Barriers to participation. Annals Tour. Res. 14(3), 376–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90109-5.10.1016/0160-7383(87)90109-5Search in Google Scholar

Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.Search in Google Scholar

Um, S., & Crompton, J.L. (1992). The roles of perceived inhibitors and facilitators in pleasure travel destination decisions. J. Travel Res. 30(3), 18–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000303.10.1177/004728759203000303Search in Google Scholar

White, D.D. (2008). A structural model of leisure constraints negotiation in outdoor recreation. Leis. Sci. 30(4), 342–359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400802165131.10.1080/01490400802165131Search in Google Scholar

Young, I.S., & Pedersen, P.M. (2010). Participants’ service quality perceptions of fantasy sports 116 websites: The relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction, attitude, and actual usage. Sport Mark. Q. 19(2), 78–87.Search in Google Scholar