<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The energy mix determines the external costs of transport and the benefits from investments in the drive systems perceived as more environmentally friendly, such as electric vehicles.
The aim of this article was to present a methodology to determine the environmentally preferable urban bus drive systems (electric, hydrogen, CNG, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and diesel) depending on CO2 emission factors related to the production of electricity in a given country.
The developed methodology was exemplified by the Polish energy system. The results indicate the environmentally preferable types of urban bus drive systems, taking into account vehicle exploitation.
The results obtained can inform the decision-making process and, in particular, enable state administrations in EU countries to define a support mechanism for public transport (e.g., through subsidies) that is appropriate to the environmental benefits of operating particular types of vehicles under country-specific energy mix conditions.
</abstract>

The energy mix determines the external costs of transport and the benefits from investments in the drive systems perceived as more environmentally friendly, such as electric vehicles.
The aim of this article was to present a methodology to determine the environmentally preferable urban bus drive systems (electric, hydrogen, CNG, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and diesel) depending on CO2 emission factors related to the production of electricity in a given country.
The developed methodology was exemplified by the Polish energy system. The results indicate the environmentally preferable types of urban bus drive systems, taking into account vehicle exploitation.
The results obtained can inform the decision-making process and, in particular, enable state administrations in EU countries to define a support mechanism for public transport (e.g., through subsidies) that is appropriate to the environmental benefits of operating particular types of vehicles under country-specific energy mix conditions.

Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix

AGH University of Krakow: Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza im Stanislawa Staszica w Krakowie

Environmental Protection and Natural Resources

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The energy mix determines the external costs of transport and the benefits from investments in the drive systems perceived as more environmentally friendly,...

Bus types	NMVOC	NO_X	PM_2.5	PM₁₀	SO₂	CO₂³
Urbino 12 Diesel	0.0844	1.0578	0.1099	0.2207	0	1031
Urbino 12 Hybrid	0.0633	0.7933	0.1099	0.2207	0	873
Urbino 12 Hybrid plug-in	0.0633	0.9096	0.1099	0.2258	0.1168	904
Urbino 12 Electric	0	0.7323	0.0814	0.1454	0.7323	1076
Urbino 12 Hydrogen	0	2.2725	0.0814	0.2125	2.2725	3341
Urbino 12 CNG	0.0988	4.0218	0.1099	0.2207	0	985

Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix

Published Online: Dec 31, 2023

Page range: 1 - 10

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0015

Keywords
emissions, urban buses, electric, hydrogen, CNG, methodology, energy mix

© 2023 Anna Dubel et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Pollutant emissions for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2020 [g/km]

CO2 emission factor for Poland in the period 2014–2020 [kg/kWh]

Projected CO2 emission factors in Poland in the period 2021–2030 [kg/kWh]

Sensitivity analysis for the CO2 emission factors

Emission factors for NOx, SO2, TSP in 2021 [kg/kWh]

electric	ON
0.692
electric	plug-in hybrid
0.582
electric	hybrid
0.562
plug-in hybrid	hybrid
0.454
hydrogen	ON
0.146
hydrogen	hybrid
0.104
hydrogen	plug-in hybrid
0.086

Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix

Published Online: Dec 31, 2023

Page range: 1 - 10

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0015

Keywordsemissions, urban buses, electric, hydrogen, CNG, methodology, energy mix

© 2023 Anna Dubel et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Pollutant emissions for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2020 [g/km]

CO2 emission factor for Poland in the period 2014–2020 [kg/kWh]

Projected CO2 emission factors in Poland in the period 2021–2030 [kg/kWh]

Sensitivity analysis for the CO2 emission factors

Emission factors for NOx, SO2, TSP in 2021 [kg/kWh]

Keywords
emissions, urban buses, electric, hydrogen, CNG, methodology, energy mix