Comparison of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb concentration in spruce needles collected in the area of Gdansk and Gdynia in Northern Poland
, and | Dec 31, 2018
About this article
Published Online: Dec 31, 2018
Page range: 1 - 9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2018-0015
Keywords
© 2018 Paweł Konieczyński, Jan Moszczyński, Marek Wesołowski, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
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Results of correlation analysis between concentrations of the studied metals in spruce needles and soil samples (element symbol with S in upper index). Coefficients of correlation higher than r = 0.7 statistically significant (α < 0.05) are shown in bold font
| Fe | Zn | Mn | Cu | Pb | Cd | Fe S | Zn S | Mn S | Cu S | Pb S | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 1 | ||||||||||
| Zn | -0.34 | 1 | |||||||||
| Mn | -0.36 | 0.64 | 1 | ||||||||
| Cu | -0.10 | 1 | |||||||||
| Pb | -0.46 | -0.41 | -0.42 | 1 | |||||||
| Cd | -0.39 | 0.63 | -0.50 | 1 | |||||||
| Fe S | 0.26 | -0.14 | -0.02 | -0.27 | -0.07 | 1 | |||||
| Zn S | -0.46 | -0.62 | -0.53 | 1 | |||||||
| Mn S | -0.46 | 0.21 | 0.46 | -0.07 | -0.13 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 1 | ||
| Cu S | 0.41 | -0.52 | 0.66 | -0.04 | 1 | ||||||
| Pb S | 0.36 | -0.51 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 1 | ||||||
| Cd S | 0.33 | -0.53 | -0.40 | -0.65 | -0.46 | 0.18 |
Concentration of analysed elements in spruce needles [mg/kg d.m.]. The arithmetic mean ± SD is shown (n = 3)
| Element | GA 1 | GA 2 | GA 3 | GA 4 | GA 5 | GA 6 | GA 7 | GK 1 | GK 2 | GK 3 | GK 4 | GK 5 | GK 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 169.18 ± 1.02 | 122.71 ± 9.67 | 65.60 ± 2.24 | 65.67 ± 5.97 | 59.93 ± 7.68 | 162.86 ± 6.13 | 312.84 ± 3.03 | 197.85 ± 1.54 | 644.47 ± 5.83 | 117.65 ± 6.56 | 105.56 ± 0.34 | 272.74 ± 1.70 | 320.03 ± 0.66 |
| Zn | 64.55 ± 2.29 | 96.56 ± 3.64 | 81.41 ± 2.14 | 83.82 ± 3.62 | 109.15 ± 7.28 | 111.24 ± 2.43 | 64.73 ± 1.39 | 49.77 ± 0.55 | 67.37 ± 1.65 | 47.44 ± 0.88 | 64.77 ± 3.25 | 68.64 ± 2.41 | 53.04 ± 2.59 |
| Mn | 26.76 ± 0.31 | 260.02 ± 2.42 | 422.82 ± 9.62 | 54.82 ± 2.18 | 495.97 ± 7.31 | 98.62 ± 1.71 | 62.65 ± 3.41 | 31.45 ± 1.81 | 62.42 ± 5.55 | 4.68 ± 0.97 | 10.63 ± 1.65 | 64.50 ± 2.77 | 85.88 ± 9.70 |
| Cu | 7.56 ± 0.50 | 13.21 ± 1.07 | 14.46 ± 0.64 | 12.68 ± 1.85 | 14.71 ± 2.09 | 9.36 ± 0.25 | 7.62 ± 0.85 | 3.87 ± 0.32 | 12.37 ± 1.08 | 1.66 ± 0.25 | 2.28 ± 0.28 | 2.62 ± 0.15 | 2.38 ± 0.34 |
| Pb | 6.15 ± 0.72 | 7.37 ± 0.48 | 8.29 ± 0.37 | 8.98 ± 0.29 | 10.93 ± 1.33 | 11.14 ± 0.37 | 12.41 ± 0.71 | 18.57 ± 1.84 | 23.94 ± 2.61 | 14.51 ± 1.47 | 16.42 ± 0.93 | 18.48 ± 3.21 | 14.04 ± 1.63 |
| Cd | 0.37 ± 0.06 | 1.50 ± 0.14 | 1.62 ± 0.21 | 1.67 ± 0.20 | 1.60 ± 0.08 | 1.47 ± 0.10 | 1.52 ± 0.10 | 0.69 ± 0.09 | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.70 ± 0.10 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.06 |
Concentration of analysed elements in soil samples [mg/kg d.m.]. The arithmetic mean ± SD is shown (n = 3)
| Element | GA 1 | GA 2 | GA 3 | GA 4 | GA 5 | GA 6 | GA 7 | GK 1 | GK 2 | GK 3 | GK 4 | GK 5 | GK 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 21.44 ± 0.97 | 24.50 ± 0.66 | 25.13 ± 0.63 | 23.24 ± 1.14 | 26.03 ± 0.52 | 26.20 ± 1.35 | 25.43 ± 0.70 | 27.40 ± 0.45 | 27.01 ± 0.18 | 26.90 ± 1.08 | 26.73 ± 1.05 | 25.60 ± 1.28 | 25.03 ± 1.11 |
| Zn | 1.34 ± 0.05 | 1.28 ± 0.05 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 1.72 ± 0.04 | 1.76 ± 0.07 | 5.39 ± 0.09 | 3.44 ± 0.32 | 5.64 ± 0.06 | 5.15 ± 0.12 | 5.29 ± 0.14 | 5.18 ± 0.12 | 4.98 ± 0.20 | 5.10 ± 0.25 |
| Mn | 5.27 ± 0.18 | 7.11 ± 0.06 | 8.84 ± 0.17 | 5.07 ± 0.14 | 7.21 ± 0.13 | 7.87 ± 0.25 | 6.65 ± 0.33 | 7.24 ± 0.16 | 5.00 ± 0.23 | 7.41 ± 0.49 | 7.10 ± 0.45 | 7.38 ± 0.37 | 6.47 ± 0.36 |
| Cu | 0.65 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 1.07 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 8.87 ± 0.20 | 7.85 ± 0.41 | 8.36 ± 0.34 | 7.90 ± 0.18 | 5.55 ± 0.13 | 6.85 ± 0.04 |
| Pb | 0.50 ± 0.07 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 3.62 ± 0.05 | 2.14 ± 0.07 | 2.64 ± 0.01 | 2.56 ± 0.02 | 3.19 ± 0.03 | 2.98 ± 0.07 |
| Cd | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.01 |
Characterization of studied samples of spruce needles and soil under trees
| Sample No | Sample id | Plant species | Location (geographical coordinates) | Height above sea level [m] | Collection date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GA 1 | N 54˚ 29’ 15.969’’ E 18˚ 27’ 59.098’’ | 135 | 2017 | |
| 2 | GA 2 | N 54˚ 29’ 21.59’’ E 18˚ 28’ 1.046’’ | 143 | 2017 | |
| 3 | GA 3 | N 54˚ 29’ 30.002’’ E 18˚ 28’ 25.54’’ | 141 | 2017 | |
| 4 | GA 4 | N 54˚ 29’ 22.203’’ E 18˚ 29’ 49.919’’ | 173 | 2017 | |
| 5 | GA 5 | E 18˚ 28’ 50.811’’ N 54˚ 30’ 44.061’’ | 147 | 2017 | |
| 6 | GA 6 | N 54˚ 31’ 30.169’’ E 18˚ 27’ 50.759’’ | 90 | 2017 | |
| 7 | GA 7 | N 54˚ 29’ 52.019’’ E 18˚ 32’ 32.5’’ | 50 | 2017 | |
| 8 | GK 1 | N 54˚ 22’ 56.773’’ E 18˚ 37’ 21.781’’ | 8 | 2018 | |
| 9 | GK 2 | N 54˚ 22’ 55.758’’ E 18˚ 37’ 21.338’’ | 8 | 2018 | |
| 10 | GK 3 | N 54˚ 22’ 54.491’’ E 18˚ 37’ 20.755’’ | 8 | 2018 | |
| 11 | GK 4 | N 54˚ 22’ 54.559’’ E 18˚ 37’ 21.129’’ | 8 | 2018 | |
| 12 | GK 5 | N 54˚ 22’ 53.569’’ E 18˚ 37’ 22.259’’ | 8 | 2018 | |
| 13 | GK 6 | N 54˚ 22’ 53.886’’ E 18˚ 37’ 22.706’’ | 8 | 2018 |