Tritrichomonas foetus as a causative agent of tritrichomonosis in different animal hosts

1Bell E.T., Gowan R.A., Lingard A.E., McCoy R.J., Slapeta J., Malik R.: Naturally occurring Tritrichomonas foetus infections in Australian cats: 38 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2010, 12, 889–898. Bell E.T. Gowan R.A. Lingard A.E. McCoy R.J. Slapeta J. Malik R. Naturally occurring Tritrichomonas foetus infections in Australian cats: 38 cases J Feline Med Surg 2010 12 889 89810.1016/j.jfms.2010.06.00320817588Search in Google Scholar

2Benchimol M., de Almeida L.G., Vasconcelos A.T., de Andrade Rosa I., Bogo M.R., Kist L.W., de Souza W.: Draft genome sequence of Tritrichomonas foetus strain K. Genome Announc 2017, 5, e00195-17. Benchimol M. de Almeida L.G. Vasconcelos A.T. de Andrade Rosa I. Bogo M.R. Kist L.W. de Souza W. Draft genome sequence of Tritrichomonas foetus strain K Genome Announc 2017 5 e00195 1710.1128/genomeA.00195-17539925828428299Search in Google Scholar

3Bryan L., Campbell J., Gajadhar A.: Effects of temperature on the survival of Tritrichomonas foetus in transport, Diamond's and InPouch TF media. Vet Rec 1999, 144, 227–232. Bryan L. Campbell J. Gajadhar A. Effects of temperature on the survival of Tritrichomonas foetus in transport, Diamond's and InPouch TF media Vet Rec 1999 144 227 23210.1136/vr.144.9.22710189674Search in Google Scholar

4Dąbrowska J., Karamon J., Kochanowski M., Gottstein B., Cencek T., Frey C.F., Muller N.: Development and comparative evaluation of different LAMP and PCR assays for coprological diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis. Vet Parasitol 2019, 273, 17–23. Dąbrowska J. Karamon J. Kochanowski M. Gottstein B. Cencek T. Frey C.F. Muller N. Development and comparative evaluation of different LAMP and PCR assays for coprological diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis Vet Parasitol 2019 273 17 2310.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.01431442888Search in Google Scholar

5Dąbrowska J., Karamon J., Kochanowski M., Jędryczko R., Cencek T.: Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cat - first detection in Poland. Acta Parasitol 2015, 60, 605–608. Dąbrowska J. Karamon J. Kochanowski M. Jędryczko R. Cencek T. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cat - first detection in Poland Acta Parasitol 2015 60 605 60810.1515/ap-2015-008426408578Search in Google Scholar

6Dąbrowska J., Keller I., Karamon J., Kochanowski M., Gottstein B., Cencek T., Frey C.F., Muller N.: Whole genome sequencing of feline strain of Tritrichomonas foetus reveals massive genetic differences to bovine and porcine isolates. Int J Parasitol (in press). Dąbrowska J. Keller I. Karamon J. Kochanowski M. Gottstein B. Cencek T. Frey C.F. Muller N. Whole genome sequencing of feline strain of Tritrichomonas foetus reveals massive genetic differences to bovine and porcine isolates Int J Parasitol (in press)10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.00732109482Search in Google Scholar

7Doi J., Abe N., Oku Y.: Molecular survey of Tritrichomonas suis (= T. foetus ‘cat’ and ‘cattle’ genotypes in pigs in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2012, 12-0377. J Vet Med Sci 2013, 75, 475–479. Doi J. Abe N. Oku Y. Molecular survey of Tritrichomonas suis (= T foetus ‘cat’ and ‘cattle’ genotypes in pigs in Japan J Vet Med Sci 2012 12 0377 J Vet Med Sci 2013, 75, 475–47910.1292/jvms.12-037723196826Search in Google Scholar

8Doi J., Hirota J., Morita A., Fukushima K., Kamijyo H., Ohta H., Yamasaki M., Takahashi T., Katakura K., Oku Y.: Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (= T. foetus infection in Japanese cats. J Vet Med Sci 2011, 74, 413–417. Doi J. Hirota J. Morita A. Fukushima K. Kamijyo H. Ohta H. Yamasaki M. Takahashi T. Katakura K. Oku Y. Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (= T foetus infection in Japanese cats J Vet Med Sci 2011 74 413 41710.1292/jvms.11-017122104396Search in Google Scholar

9Dufernez F., Walker R.L., NoEL C., Caby S., Mantini C., Delgado‐Viscogliosi P., Ohkuma M., Kudo T., Capron M., Pierce R.J.: Morphological and molecular identification of non‐ Tritrichomonas foetus trichomonad protozoa from the bovine preputial cavity. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007, 54, 161–168. Dufernez F. Walker R.L. NoEL C. Caby S. Mantini C. Delgado‐Viscogliosi P. Ohkuma M. Kudo T. Capron M. Pierce R.J. Morphological and molecular identification of non‐ Tritrichomonas foetus trichomonad protozoa from the bovine preputial cavity J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007 54 161 16810.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00247.x17403157Search in Google Scholar

10Erasmus J., De Wet J., Der Merwe H.E., Pienaar G.: Bovine trichomoniasis in the north western Cape Province, western Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Aust Vet J 1989, 53, 470–472. Erasmus J. De Wet J. Der Merwe H.E. Pienaar G. Bovine trichomoniasis in the north western Cape Province, western Transvaal and the Orange Free State Aust Vet J 1989 53 470 472Search in Google Scholar

11Felleisen R.S.: Comparative genetic analysis of tritrichomonadid protozoa by the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique. Parasitol Res 1997, 84, 153–156. Felleisen R.S. Comparative genetic analysis of tritrichomonadid protozoa by the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique Parasitol Res 1997 84 153 15610.1007/s0043600503749493217Search in Google Scholar

12Filho R.B.O., Malta K.C., Borges J.M., Oliveira P.R.F., Filho G., Nascimento G.G., Mota R.A., Junior J.W.P.: Prevalence and risk factors associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2018, 63, 346–353. Filho R.B.O. Malta K.C. Borges J.M. Oliveira P.R.F. Filho G. Nascimento G.G. Mota R.A. Junior J.W.P. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle in the state of Paraiba, Brazil Acta Parasitol 2018 63 346 35310.1515/ap-2018-0039Search in Google Scholar

13Fitzgerald P.R.: Bovine trichomoniasis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1986, 2, 277–282. Fitzgerald P.R. Bovine trichomoniasis Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1986 2 277 28210.1016/S0749-0720(15)31237-8Search in Google Scholar

14Foster R.A.: Female reproductive system and mammae. In: Pathologic basis of veterinary disease edited by M.D. McGavin, J.F. Zachary, Elsevier, St. Louis, 2017, pp. 1147–1193. Foster R.A. Female reproductive system and mammae Pathologic basis of veterinary disease edited by McGavin M.D. Zachary J.F. Elsevier St. Louis 2017 1147 119310.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00018-7Search in Google Scholar

15Fox E.W., Hobbs D., Stinson J., Rogers G.M.: A preliminary survey of North Carolina slaughterhouse bulls for Tritrichomonas foetus Bovine Pr 1995, 29, 153–155. Fox E.W. Hobbs D. Stinson J. Rogers G.M. A preliminary survey of North Carolina slaughterhouse bulls for Tritrichomonas foetus Bovine Pr 1995 29 153 155Search in Google Scholar

16Frey C.F., Muller N., Stauber N., Marreros N., Hofmann L., Hentrich B., Hirsbrunner G.: Simplicimonas-like DNA in vaginal swabs of cows and heifers cross-reacting in the real-time PCR for T. foetus Vet Parasitol 2017, 237, 30–36. Frey C.F. Muller N. Stauber N. Marreros N. Hofmann L. Hentrich B. Hirsbrunner G. Simplicimonas-like DNA in vaginal swabs of cows and heifers cross-reacting in the real-time PCR for T foetus Vet Parasitol 2017 237 30 3610.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.02428256282Search in Google Scholar

17Frey C.F., Schild M., Hemphill A., Stunzi P., Muller N., Gottstein B., Burgener I.A.: Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats in Switzerland detected by in vitro cultivation and PCR. Parasitol Res 2009, 104, 783–788. Frey C.F. Schild M. Hemphill A. Stunzi P. Muller N. Gottstein B. Burgener I.A. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats in Switzerland detected by in vitro cultivation and PCR Parasitol Res 2009 104 783 78810.1007/s00436-008-1255-218998166Search in Google Scholar

18Gookin J.L., Birkenheuer A.J., Breitschwerdt E.B., Levy M.G.: Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40, 4126-4130. Gookin J.L. Birkenheuer A.J. Breitschwerdt E.B. Levy M.G. Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces J Clin Microbiol 2002 40 4126 413010.1128/JCM.40.11.4126-4130.200213964112409385Search in Google Scholar

19Gookin J.L., Breitschwerdt E.B., Levy M.G., Gager R.B., Benrud J.G.: Diarrhea associated with trichomonosis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 215, 1450–1454. Gookin J.L. Breitschwerdt E.B. Levy M.G. Gager R.B. Benrud J.G. Diarrhea associated with trichomonosis in cats J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 215 1450 1454Search in Google Scholar

20Gookin J.L., Hanrahan K., Levy M.G.: The conundrum of feline trichomonosis. J Feline Med Surg 2017, 19, 261–274. Gookin J.L. Hanrahan K. Levy M.G. The conundrum of feline trichomonosis J Feline Med Surg 2017 19 261 27410.1177/1098612X1769349928245739Search in Google Scholar

21Gookin J.L., Stebbins M.E., Hunt E., Burlone K., Fulton M., Hochel R., Talaat M., Poore M., Levy M.G.: Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42, 2707–2710. Gookin J.L. Stebbins M.E. Hunt E. Burlone K. Fulton M. Hochel R. Talaat M. Poore M. Levy M.G. Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection J Clin Microbiol 2004 42 2707 271010.1128/JCM.42.6.2707-2710.200442782615184456Search in Google Scholar

22Guven E., Bastem Z., Avcioglu H., Erdem H.: Molecular determination of Tritrichomonas spp. in aborted bovine foetuses in Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Vet Parasitol 2013, 196, 278–282. Guven E. Bastem Z. Avcioglu H. Erdem H. Molecular determination of Tritrichomonas spp. in aborted bovine foetuses in Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey Vet Parasitol 2013 196 278 28210.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.03123618514Search in Google Scholar

23Hibler C.P., Hammond D.M., Caskey F.H., Johnson A.E., Fitzgerald P.R.: The morphology and incidence of the trichomonads of swine, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond), Tritrichomonas rotunda n. sp. and Trichomonas buttreyi n. sp. J Protozool 1960, 7, 159–171. Hibler C.P. Hammond D.M. Caskey F.H. Johnson A.E. Fitzgerald P.R. The morphology and incidence of the trichomonads of swine, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond), Tritrichomonas rotunda n. sp. and Trichomonas buttreyi n. sp J Protozool 1960 7 159 17110.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00725.xSearch in Google Scholar

24Hosein A., Kruth S.A., Pearl D.L., Richardson D., Maggs J.C., Peach H.A., Peregrine A.S.: Isolation of Tritrichomonas foetus from cats sampled at a cat clinic, cat shows and a humane society in southern Ontario. J Feline Med Surg 2013, 15, 706–711. Hosein A. Kruth S.A. Pearl D.L. Richardson D. Maggs J.C. Peach H.A. Peregrine A.S. Isolation of Tritrichomonas foetus from cats sampled at a cat clinic, cat shows and a humane society in southern Ontario J Feline Med Surg 2013 15 706 71110.1177/1098612X13475617Search in Google Scholar

25Irons P.C., Henton M.M., Bertschinger H.J.: Collection of preputial material by scraping and aspiration for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2002, 73, 66–69. Irons P.C. Henton M.M. Bertschinger H.J. Collection of preputial material by scraping and aspiration for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls J S Afr Vet Assoc 2002 73 66 6910.4102/jsava.v73i2.558Search in Google Scholar

26Kingsbury D., Marks S., Cave N., Grahn R.A.: Identification of Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia spp. infection in pedigree show cats in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2010, 58, 6–10. Kingsbury D. Marks S. Cave N. Grahn R.A. Identification of Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia spp. infection in pedigree show cats in New Zealand N Z Vet J 2010 58 6 1010.1080/00480169.2010.65054Search in Google Scholar

27Kleina P., Bettim-Bandinelli J., Bonatto S.L., Benchimol M., Bogo M.R.: Molecular phylogeny of Trichomonadidae family inferred from ITS-1, 5.8 S rRNA and ITS-2 sequences. Int J Parasitol 2004, 34, 963–970. Kleina P. Bettim-Bandinelli J. Bonatto S.L. Benchimol M. Bogo M.R. Molecular phylogeny of Trichomonadidae family inferred from ITS-1, 5.8 S rRNA and ITS-2 sequences Int J Parasitol 2004 34 963 97010.1016/j.ijpara.2004.04.004Search in Google Scholar

28Koster L.S., Chow C., Yao C.: Trichomonosis in cats with diarrhoea in Hong Kong, China, between 2009 and 2014. JFMS Open Rep 2015, 1, 1–4. Koster L.S. Chow C. Yao C. Trichomonosis in cats with diarrhoea in Hong Kong, China, between 2009 and 2014 JFMS Open Rep 2015 1 1 410.1177/2055116915623561Search in Google Scholar

29Li W., Li W., Gong P., Zhang C., Yang J., Zhang X., Li J.: The prevalence of intestinal trichomonads in Chinese pigs. Vet Parasitol 2015, 211, 12–15. Li W. Li W. Gong P. Zhang C. Yang J. Zhang X. Li J. The prevalence of intestinal trichomonads in Chinese pigs Vet Parasitol 2015 211 12 1510.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.028Search in Google Scholar

30Mancebo O., Russo A., Carabajal L., Monzon C.: Persistence of Tritrichomonas foetus in naturally infected cows and heifers in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 1995, 59, 7–11. Mancebo O. Russo A. Carabajal L. Monzon C. Persistence of Tritrichomonas foetus in naturally infected cows and heifers in Argentina Vet Parasitol 1995 59 7 1110.1016/0304-4017(94)00734-TSearch in Google Scholar

31Mattos A., Sole-Cava A., DeCarli G., Benchimol M.: Fine structure and isozymic characterization of trichomonadid protozoa. Parasitol Res 1997, 83, 290–295. Mattos A. Sole-Cava A. DeCarli G. Benchimol M. Fine structure and isozymic characterization of trichomonadid protozoa Parasitol Res 1997 83 290 29510.1007/s0043600502499089728Search in Google Scholar

32McCool C., Townsend M., Wolfe S., Simpson M., Olm T., Jayawardhana G., Carney J.: Prevalence of bovine veneral disease in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory: likely economic effects and practicable control measures. Aust Vet J 1988, 65, 153–156. McCool C. Townsend M. Wolfe S. Simpson M. Olm T. Jayawardhana G. Carney J. Prevalence of bovine veneral disease in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory: likely economic effects and practicable control measures Aust Vet J 1988 65 153 15610.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14445.x3401162Search in Google Scholar

33McMillen L., Lew A.E.: Improved detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in bovine diagnostic specimens using a novel probe-based real time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2006, 141, 204–215. McMillen L. Lew A.E. Improved detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in bovine diagnostic specimens using a novel probe-based real time PCR assay Vet Parasitol 2006 141 204 21510.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.01216860481Search in Google Scholar

34Mendoza-Ibarra J.A., Pedraza-Díaz S., García-Peña F.J., Rojo-Montejo S., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria J.A., San Miguel-Ibáñez E., Navarro-Lozano V., Ortega-Mora L.M., Osoro K., Collantes-Fernandez E.: High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Asturiana de la Montaña beef cattle kept in extensive conditions in Northern Spain. Vet J 2012, 193, 146–151. Mendoza-Ibarra J.A. Pedraza-Díaz S. García-Peña F.J. Rojo-Montejo S. Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria J.A. San Miguel-Ibáñez E. Navarro-Lozano V. Ortega-Mora L.M. Osoro K. Collantes-Fernandez E. High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Asturiana de la Montaña beef cattle kept in extensive conditions in Northern Spain Vet J 2012 193 146 15110.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.020Search in Google Scholar

35Morgan B.: A summary of research on Trichomonas foetus J Parasitol 1947, 33, 201–206. Morgan B. A summary of research on Trichomonas foetus J Parasitol 1947 33 201 20610.2307/3273550Search in Google Scholar

36Mori Y., Notomi T.: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic method for infectious diseases. J Infect Chemother 2009, 15, 62–69. Mori Y. Notomi T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic method for infectious diseases J Infect Chemother 2009 15 62 6910.1007/s10156-009-0669-9Search in Google Scholar

37Mueller K., Morin-Adeline V., Gilchrist K., Brown G., Šlapeta J.: High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus ‘bovine genotype’ in faecal samples from domestic pigs at a farm where bovine trichomonosis has not been reported for over 30 years. Vet Parasitol 2015, 212, 105–110. Mueller K. Morin-Adeline V. Gilchrist K. Brown G. Šlapeta J. High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus ‘bovine genotype’ in faecal samples from domestic pigs at a farm where bovine trichomonosis has not been reported for over 30 years Vet Parasitol 2015 212 105 11010.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.010Search in Google Scholar

38Oyhenart J.: Direct detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle genital fluid trough loop mediated isothermal amplification of elongation factor 1 alpha 1. Vet Parasitol 2018, 261, 67–72. Oyhenart J. Direct detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle genital fluid trough loop mediated isothermal amplification of elongation factor 1 alpha 1 Vet Parasitol 2018 261 67 7210.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.011Search in Google Scholar

39Oyhenart J., Martinez F., Ramirez R., Fort M., Breccia J.D.: Loop mediated isothermal amplification of 5.8S rDNA for specific detection of Tritrichomonas foetus Vet Parasitol 2013, 193, 59–65. Oyhenart J. Martinez F. Ramirez R. Fort M. Breccia J.D. Loop mediated isothermal amplification of 5.8S rDNA for specific detection of Tritrichomonas foetus Vet Parasitol 2013 193 59 6510.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.034Search in Google Scholar

40Pakandl M.: The prevalence of intestinal protozoa in wild and domestic pigs. Vet Med 1994, 39, 377–380. Pakandl M. The prevalence of intestinal protozoa in wild and domestic pigs Vet Med 1994 39 377 380Search in Google Scholar

41Pareek P., Sharma S., Bishnoi B., Gupta A.: Trichomoniasis in cattle in North West Rajasthan. Indian J Anim Reprod 1994, 15, 27–28. Pareek P. Sharma S. Bishnoi B. Gupta A. Trichomoniasis in cattle in North West Rajasthan Indian J Anim Reprod 1994 15 27 28Search in Google Scholar

42Perez E., Conrad P.A., Hird D., Ortuno A., Chacon J., BonDurant R., Noordhuizen J.: Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas foetus infection in cattle in northeastern Costa Rica. Prev Vet Med 1992, 14, 155–165. Perez E. Conrad P.A. Hird D. Ortuno A. Chacon J. BonDurant R. Noordhuizen J. Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas foetus infection in cattle in northeastern Costa Rica Prev Vet Med 1992 14 155 16510.1016/0167-5877(92)90013-6Search in Google Scholar

43Rae D.O., Crews J.E., Greiner E.C., Donovan G.A.: Epidemiology of Tritrichomonas foetus in beef bull populations in Florida. Theriogenology 2004, 61, 605–618. Rae D.O. Crews J.E. Greiner E.C. Donovan G.A. Epidemiology of Tritrichomonas foetus in beef bull populations in Florida Theriogenology 2004 61 605 61810.1016/S0093-691X(03)00236-XSearch in Google Scholar

44Reinmann K., Muller N., Kuhnert P., Campero C.M., Leitsch D., Hess M., Henning K., Fort M., Muller J., Gottstein B., Frey C.F.: Tritrichomonas foetus isolates from cats and cattle show minor genetic differences in unrelated loci ITS-2 and EF-1alpha. Vet Parasitol 2012, 185, 138–144. Reinmann K. Muller N. Kuhnert P. Campero C.M. Leitsch D. Hess M. Henning K. Fort M. Muller J. Gottstein B. Frey C.F. Tritrichomonas foetus isolates from cats and cattle show minor genetic differences in unrelated loci ITS-2 and EF-1alpha Vet Parasitol 2012 185 138 14410.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.03222000167Search in Google Scholar

45Rhyan J.C., Wilson K.L., Burgess D.E., Stackhouse L.L., Quinn W.J.: Immunohistochemical detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of bovine placenta and fetal lung. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995, 7, 98–101. Rhyan J.C. Wilson K.L. Burgess D.E. Stackhouse L.L. Quinn W.J. Immunohistochemical detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of bovine placenta and fetal lung J Vet Diagn Invest 1995 7 98 10110.1177/1040638795007001167779973Search in Google Scholar

46Robertson M.: The antigens of Trichomonas foetus isolated from cows and pigs. J Hyg 1960, 58, 207–213. Robertson M. The antigens of Trichomonas foetus isolated from cows and pigs J Hyg 1960 58 207 21310.1017/S0022172400038298213435014437873Search in Google Scholar

47Rosypal A.C., Ripley A., Walden H.D.S., Blagburn B.L., Grant D.C., Lindsay D.S.: Survival of a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus in water, cat urine, cat food, and cat litter. Vet Parasitol 2012, 185, 279–281. Rosypal A.C. Ripley A. Walden H.D.S. Blagburn B.L. Grant D.C. Lindsay D.S. Survival of a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus in water, cat urine, cat food, and cat litter Vet Parasitol 2012 185 279 28110.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.00322100399Search in Google Scholar

48Shi Y., Jiang W., Ma Z., Qiu Y.: A case report of pulmonary tritrichomonosis in a pig. BMC Vet Res 2017, 13, 348. Shi Y. Jiang W. Ma Z. Qiu Y. A case report of pulmonary tritrichomonosis in a pig BMC Vet Res 2017 13 34810.1186/s12917-017-1242-x570142629169366Search in Google Scholar

49Singh B.N., Lucas J.J., Hayes G.R., Kumar I., Beach D.H., Frajblat M., Gilbert R.O., Sommer U., Costello C.E.: Tritrichomonas foetus induces apoptotic cell death in bovine vaginal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004, 72, 4151–4158. Singh B.N. Lucas J.J. Hayes G.R. Kumar I. Beach D.H. Frajblat M. Gilbert R.O. Sommer U. Costello C.E. Tritrichomonas foetus induces apoptotic cell death in bovine vaginal epithelial cells Infect Immun 2004 72 4151 415810.1128/IAI.72.7.4151-4158.200442741315213160Search in Google Scholar

50Šlapeta J., Craig S., McDonell D., Emery D.: Tritrichomonas foetus from domestic cats and cattle are genetically distinct. Exp Parasitol 2010, 126, 209–213. Šlapeta J. Craig S. McDonell D. Emery D. Tritrichomonas foetus from domestic cats and cattle are genetically distinct Exp Parasitol 2010 126 209 21310.1016/j.exppara.2010.04.02420438726Search in Google Scholar

51Šlapeta J., Muller N., Stack C.M., Walker G., Lew-Tabor A., Tachezy J., Frey C.F.: Comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cat genotype, T. foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cattle genotype and Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) at 10 DNA loci. Int J Parasitol 2012, 42, 1143–1149. Šlapeta J. Muller N. Stack C.M. Walker G. Lew-Tabor A. Tachezy J. Frey C.F. Comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cat genotype, T. foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cattle genotype and Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) at 10 DNA loci Int J Parasitol 2012 42 1143 114910.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.00423123273Search in Google Scholar

52Stockdale H.D., Givens M.D., Dykstra C.C., Blagburn B.L.: Tritrichomonas foetus infections in surveyed pet cats. Vet Parasitol 2009, 160, 13–17. Stockdale H.D. Givens M.D. Dykstra C.C. Blagburn B.L. Tritrichomonas foetus infections in surveyed pet cats Vet Parasitol 2009 160 13 1710.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.09119070434Search in Google Scholar

53Stroud L.J., Šlapeta J., Padula M.P., Druery D., Tsiotsioras G., Coorssen J.R., Stack C.M.: Comparative proteomic analysis of two pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus genotypes: there is more to the proteome than meets the eye. Int J Parasitol 2017, 47, 203–213. Stroud L.J. Šlapeta J. Padula M.P. Druery D. Tsiotsioras G. Coorssen J.R. Stack C.M. Comparative proteomic analysis of two pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus genotypes: there is more to the proteome than meets the eye Int J Parasitol 2017 47 203 21310.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.00428104352Search in Google Scholar

54Sun Z., Stack C., Šlapeta J.: Sequence differences in the diagnostic region of the cysteine protease 8 gene of Tritrichomonas foetus parasites of cats and cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012, 186, 445–449. Sun Z. Stack C. Šlapeta J. Sequence differences in the diagnostic region of the cysteine protease 8 gene of Tritrichomonas foetus parasites of cats and cattle Vet Parasitol 2012 186 445 44910.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.00122204891Search in Google Scholar

55Switzer W.: Atrophic rhinitis and trichomonads. Vet Med 1951, 46, 478-481. Switzer W. Atrophic rhinitis and trichomonads Vet Med 1951 46 478 481Search in Google Scholar

56Tachezy J., Tachezy R., Hampl V., Šedinova M., Vanacova Š., Vrlík M., Van Ranst M., Flegr J., Kulda J.: Cattle pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002, 49, 154–163. Tachezy J. Tachezy R. Hampl V. Šedinova M. Vanacova Š. Vrlík M. Van Ranst M. Flegr J. Kulda J. Cattle pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002 49 154 16310.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00360.x12046599Search in Google Scholar

57Tachezy J., Tachezy R., Hampl V., Šedinova M., Vanacova Š., Vrlík M., Van Ranst M., Flegr J., Kuldaa J.: Cattle pathogen tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002, 49, 154–163. Tachezy J. Tachezy R. Hampl V. Šedinova M. Vanacova Š. Vrlík M. Van Ranst M. Flegr J. Kuldaa J. Cattle pathogen tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002 49 154 16310.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00360.x12046599Search in Google Scholar

58OIE Handistatus, World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II, Office International des Epizooties, Paris, 2005. OIE Handistatus, World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II, Office International des Epizooties Paris 2005Search in Google Scholar

59Yaeger M., Gookin J.L.: Histologic features associated with Tritrichomonas foetus-induced colitis in domestic cats. Vet Pathol 2005, 42, 797–804. Yaeger M. Gookin J.L. Histologic features associated with Tritrichomonas foetus-induced colitis in domestic cats Vet Pathol 2005 42 797 80410.1354/vp.42-6-79716301576Search in Google Scholar

60Yang N., Cui X., Qian W., Yu S., Liu Q.: Survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine fetuses from dairy farms in Beijing, China, by PCR. Acta Vet Hung 2012, 60, 83–92. Yang N. Cui X. Qian W. Yu S. Liu Q. Survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine fetuses from dairy farms in Beijing, China, by PCR Acta Vet Hung 2012 60 83 9210.1556/avet.2012.00722366134Search in Google Scholar

61Yao C., Bardsley K., Litzman E., Hall M., Davidson M.: Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bull populations in Wyoming. J Bacteriol Parasitol 2011, 2, 117. doi:10.4172/2155-9597.1000117 Yao C. Bardsley K. Litzman E. Hall M. Davidson M. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bull populations in Wyoming J Bacteriol Parasitol 2011 2 117 10.4172/2155-9597.1000117Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

62Yao C., Koster L.S.: Tritrichomonas foetus infection, a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. Vet Res 2015, 46, 35. Yao C. Koster L.S. Tritrichomonas foetus infection, a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat Vet Res 2015 46 3510.1186/s13567-015-0169-0436458825880025Search in Google Scholar