Open Access

Are Sexual Minorities Hard-to-Survey? Insights from the 2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Study (CBAMS) Survey


Cite

AAPOR. 2016. Standard Definitions Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. 9th edition. Available at: https://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf (accessed October 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50(2): 179–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Allen, S. 2018. “These Five Court Cases Could Change the Future of LGBT Rights.” The Daily Beast, July 7, 2018. Available at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/these-five-court-cases-could-change-the-future-of-lgbt-rights (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Atrostic, B.K., N. Bates, G. Burt, and A. Silberstein. 2001. “Nonresponse in US Government Household Surveys: Consistent Measures, Recent Trends, and New Insights.” Journal of Official Statistics 17(2): 209–226.Search in Google Scholar

Bates, N. and T.J. DeMaio. 2013. “Measuring Same-Sex Relationship.” Contexts 12(1): 66–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504213476251.10.1177/1536504213476251Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bates, N. and M. Mulry. 2012. “Did the 2010 Census Social Marketing Campaign Shift Public Mindsets?” In proceedings of the annual conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May 17, 2012. Orlando, FL: American Association for Public Opinion Research. Available at: http://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/AnnualMeetingProceedings/2012/02_Bates-and-Mulry_A6-presentation.pdf (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Berg, N. and D. Lien. 2006. “Same-Sex Sexual Behaviour: US Frequency Estimates from Survey Data with Simultaneous Misreporting and Non-Response.” Applied Economics 38(7): 757–769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500427114.10.1080/00036840500427114Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Berg, N. and D. Lien. 2008. “Sexual Orientation and Self-Reported Lying.” Review of Economics of the Household 7(1): 83–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-008-9038-1.10.1007/s11150-008-9038-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Berry, S.H. and P.P. Gunn. 2014. “Conducting research on vulnerable and stigmatized populations.” In Hard-to-Survey Populations, edited by R. Tourangeau, B. Edwards, T.P. Johnson, K.M. Wolter, and N. Bates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139381635.021Search in Google Scholar

Beullens, K., G. Loosveldt, C. Vandenplas, and I. Stoop. 2018. “Response rates in The European Social Survey: Increasing, decreasing, or a matter of fieldwork efforts?” Survey Methods: Insights from the Field. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13094/SMIF-2018-00003.Search in Google Scholar

Conron, K.J., S.K. Goldberg, and C.T. Halpern. 2018. “Socioeconomic Status of Sexual Minorities.” Los Angeles: The Williams Institute. UCLA School of Law. Available at: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/ses-sexual-minorities/ (accessed September 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Dajani, A.N., A.D. Lauger, P.E. Singer, D. Kifer, J.P. Reiter, A.M. S, L. Garfinkel, S.A. Dahl, M. Graham, V. Karwas, H. Kim, P. Leclerc, I.M. Schmutte, W.N. Sexton, L. Vilhuber, and J.M. Abowd. 2017. “The modernization of statistical disclosure limitation at the U.S. Census Bureau.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/cac/sac/meetings/2017-09/statistical-disclosure-limitation.pdf?# (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Datta, A.R., T. Yan, D. Evans, S. Pedlow, B. Spencer, and R. Bautista. 2012. “2010 Census Integrated Communications Program Evaluation (CICPE).” 2010 Census Planning Memoranda Series. Suitland, MD: U.S. Census Bureau and NORC at the University of Chicago. Available at: https://census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2012/dec/2010_cpex_167.pdf (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

De Leeuw, E., J. Hox, and A. Luiten. 2018. “International Nonresponse Trends across Countries and Years: An analysis of 36 years of Labour Force Survey data.” Survey Insights: Methods from the Field. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13094/SMIF-2018-00008.Search in Google Scholar

DeMaio, T.J., N. Bates, and M. O’Connell. 2013. “Exploring Measurement Error Issues in Reporting Same-Sex Couples.” Public Opinion Quarterly 77(S1): 145–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs066.10.1093/poq/nfs066Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Dewaele, A., M. Caen, and A. Buysse. 2014. “Comparing Survey and Sampling Methods for Reaching Sexual Minority Individuals in Flanders.” Journal of Official Statistics 30(2): 251–275. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2014-0016.10.2478/jos-2014-0016Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Durkin, E. 2018. “US Begins Denying Visas for Same-Sex Domestic Partners of Diplomats.” The Guardian, October 2, 2018. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/02/us-visas-same-sex-domestic-partners-diplomats-un-staff-denied (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Dwork, C., F. McSherry, K. Nissim, and A. Smith. 2006. “Calibrating noise to sensitivity in private data analysis.” In Theory of Cryptography. TCC 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, edited by S. Halevi and T. Rabin, 265–284. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11681878_14.10.1007/11681878_14Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Ellis, R., M. Virgile, J. Holzberg, D.V. Nelson, J. Edgar, P. Phipps, and R. Kaplan. 2017. “Assessing the Feasibility of Asking about Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Current Population Survary: Results from Cognitive Interviews.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2017/html/st170210.htm (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Erdman, C. and N. Bates. 2017. “The Low Response Score (LRS) A Metric to Locate, Predict, and Manage Hard-to-Survey Populations.” Public Opinion Quarterly 81(1): 144–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw040.10.1093/poq/nfw040Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

FBI. 2017. “2017 Hate Crime Statistics Released. Report Shows More Departments Reporting Hate Crime Statistics.” News, November 13, 2018. Available at: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2017-hate-crime-statistics-released-111318 (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. and H. Kim. 2014. “Count Me in: Response to Sexual Orientation Measures among Older Adults.” Research on Aging 37(5): 464–480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027514542109.10.1177/0164027514542109436304525651579Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I., H. Kim, C. Shiu, J. Goldsen, and C.A. Emlet. 2015. “Successful Aging among LGBT Older Adults: Physical and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life by Age Group.” The Gerontologist 55(1): 154–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu081.10.1093/geront/gnu081454289725213483Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Glasser, I., E. Hirsch, and A. Chan. 2014. “Reaching and enumerating homeless populations.” In Hard-to-Survey Populations, edited by R. Tourangeau, B. Edwards, T.P. Johnson, K.M. Wolter, and N. Bates, 180–200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139381635.012Search in Google Scholar

Groves, R.M. and M.P. Couper. 1998. Nonresponse in Household Surveys. New York: Wiley.10.1002/9781118490082Search in Google Scholar

Harkness, J., M. Stange, K.L. Cibelli, P. Mohler, and B. Pennell. 2014. “Surveying cultural and linguistic minorities.” In Hard-to-Survey Populations, edited by R. Tourangeau, B. Edwards, T.P. Johnson, K.M. Wolter, and N. Bates, 245–269. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139381635.016Search in Google Scholar

Hatzenbuehler, M.L., A.R. Flores, and G.J. Gates. 2017. “Social Attitudes Regarding Same-sex Marriage and LGBT Health Disparities: Results from a National Probability Sample.” Journal of Social Issues 73(3): 508–528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12229.10.1111/josi.12229Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Holzberg, J., R. Ellis, M. Virgile, D. Nelson, J. Edgar, P. Phipps, and R. Kaplan. 2017. “Assessing the Feasibility of Asking about Gender Identity in the Current Population Survey. Results from Focus Groups with members of the Transgender Population.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2017/pdf/st170200.pdf (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Campaign. 2018. “Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2018.” Human Rights Campaign. Available at: http://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2018/ (accessed May 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. 2011. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/13128.10.17226/1312822013611Search in Google Scholar

Kreuter, F. and K. Olson. 2013. “Paradata for Nonresponse Error Investigation.” In Improving Surveys with Paradata: Analytic Uses of Process Information, edited by F. Kreuter, 11–42. New York: Wiley and Sons.10.1002/9781118596869.ch2Search in Google Scholar

Law, T. 2019. “Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Permit Employment Discrimination Against Transgender Workers.” Time Magazine, August 17, 2019. Available at: https://time.com/5654844/title-vii-trump-transgender-department-of-justice-supreme-court/ (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Lee, S., K.I. Fredriksen-Golden, and C. McClain. 2018. “Are Sexual Minorities Less Likely to Participate in Surveys? An Examination of Proxy Nonresponse Measures and Associated Biases with Sexual Orientation in the Population-based Health Survey.” Field Methods 30(3): 208–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X18777736.10.1177/1525822X18777736651995931105471Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Lin, I. and N.C. Schaeffer. 1995. “Using Survey Participants to Estimate the Impact of Nonparticipation.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 59(2): 236–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/269471.10.1086/269471Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Masci, D., A. Brown, and J. Kiley. 2017. “5 Facts about Same-Sex Marriage.” Pew Research Center. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/26/same-sex-marriage/ (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Massey, D.S. 2014. “Challenges to surveying immigrants.” In Hard-to-Survey Populations, edited by R. Tourangeau, B. Edwards, T.P. Johnson, K.M. Wolter, and N. Bates, 270–292. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139381635.017Search in Google Scholar

Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. versus Colorado Civil Rights Commission. 2018. 584 U.S. Available at: https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-111_j4el.pdf (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

McGeeney, K., B. Kriz, S. Mullenax, L. Kail, G. Walejko, M. Vines, N. Bates, and Y. García. 2019. “2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Study Survey Report.” Suitland, MD: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/2020-census/planning-management/final-analysis/2020-report-cbams-study-survey.html (accessed May 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Meiklejohn, J., J. Connor, and K. Kypri. 2012. “The Effect of Low Survey Response Rates on Estimates of Alcohol Consumption in a General Population Survey.” PloS One 7(4): e35527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035527.10.1371/journal.pone.0035527333203922532858Search in Google Scholar

Moohn, B. 2012. “2010 Census Integrated Communications Program Regional Partnership Assessment Report. 2010 Census Planning Memorandum Series, No. 217.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2010/program-management/5-review/cpex/2010-memo-217.pdf?# (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

NHIS (National Health Interview Survey). 2015. “Sexual Orientation and Health among U.S. Adults: National Health Intervuew Survey.” Hyatsville, MD: CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/sexual_orientation/statistics.htm (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

NORC. 2014. “Same-Sex Marriage and Gay Rights: A Shift in Americans’ Attitudes.” The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. Available at: http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/HTML%20Reports/same-sex-marriage-and-gay-rights-a-shift-in-americans-attitudes0305-8272.aspx (accessed May 2019).Search in Google Scholar

OECD. 2019. “Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators”. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_glance-2019-en.10.1787/soc_glance-2019-enOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Rossi, P.H., J.D. Wright, G.A. Fisher, and G. Willis. 1987. “The urban homeless: estimating composition and size.” Science 235(4794): 1336–1341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2950592.10.1126/.2950592Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Saewyc, E.M. 2011. “Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma and Resilience.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(1): 256–272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x.10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x483523027099454Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Schwede, L., R. Terry, and J.H. Childs. 2014. “Ethnographic evaluations on coverage of hard-to-count minorities in the US decennial census.” In Hard-to-Survey Populations, edited by R. Tourangeau, B. Edwards, T.P. Johnson, K.M. Wolter, and N. Bates, 293–315. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139381635.018Search in Google Scholar

Stoop, I.A.L. 2005. The Hunt for the Last Respondent. The Hague, the Netherlands: Social and Cultural Planning Office (SCP).Search in Google Scholar

U.S. Census Bureau. 2013. “U.S. Census Bureau Statistical Quality Standards.” Suitland, MD.: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/about/about-the-bureau/policies_and_notices/quality/statistical-quality-standards/Quality_Standards.pdf (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

U.S. Census Bureau. 2016. National Advisory Committee on Race, Ethnic and Other Populations. “Administrative Records, Internet, and Hard to Count Population Working Group: Final Report.” Suitland, MD.: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/cac/nac/reports/2016-07-admin_internet-wg-report.pdf (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Williams, D. and M. Brick. 2018. “Trends in US Face-to-Face Household Survey Nonresponse and Level of Effort.” Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 6(2): 186–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smx019.10.1093/jssam/smx019Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Zauzmer, J. and T. McCoy. 2019. “D.C. Hate Crimes Nearly Double since 2016, with LGBTQ Community the Biggest Target.” Washington Post, February 2, 2019. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/hate-crimes-in-dc-have-nearly-doubled-since-2016-according-to-city-data-and-incidents-based-on-sexual-orientation-top-the-list/2019/02/02/967aa46a-2651-11e9-90cd-dedb0c92dc17_story.html (accessed September 2019).Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2001-7367
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Mathematics, Probability and Statistics