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The European Union as a “Nation”: The “Nation” that Effaces Itself?


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Multiple Loyalties among EU citizens (Eurobarometer 2021)

Percentage of respondents who identified with a nationality and also identified with Percentage of respondents who identified with their nationality and who did NOT identify with being European
ethnicity or race region or locality being European
Austria (n=1010) 93% 90% 88% 8%
Belgium (n=1042) 83% 78% 77% 11%
Cyprus (n=504) 95% 95% 95% 1%
Spain (n=1025) 95% 94% 96% 1%
Bulgaria (n=1053) 96% 96% 95% 2%
Czechia (n=1050) 92% 90% 88% 6%
Denmark (n=1059) 94% 91% 88% 7%
Estonia (n=1011) 94% 82% 79% 12%
Greece (n=1030) 96% 95% 94% 1%
Finland (n=1022) 95% 91% 90% 6%
France (n=1008) 93% 83% 84% 8%
Croatia (n=1051) 93% 88% 90% 6%
Hungary (n=1049) 98% 94% 95% 2%
Ireland (n=1050) 94% 89% 87% 8%
Italy (n=1024) 95% 94% 94% 2%
Lithuania (n=1049) 94% 89% 90% 4%
Luxembourg (n=550) 80% 67% 67% 17%
Latvia (n=1050) 94% 90% 88% 7%
Malta (n=552) 95% 94% 94% 4%
Netherlands (n=1029) 92% 86% 84% 8%
Poland (n=1017) 96% 96% 96% 2%
Portugal (n=1027) 96% 97% 96% 0%
Romania (n=1050) 94% 93% 93% 3%
Sweden (n=1042) 93% 82% 87% 5%
Slovenia (n=1050) 93% 91% 90% 5%
Slovakia (n=1049) 96% 96% 94% 3%