Femoral Intima-media Thickness, Risk Factors, and Markers of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease

1. Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet. 2014;383:999-1008.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61752-3Search in Google Scholar

2. Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:93-111.10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.01118261694Search in Google Scholar

3. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention &Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2315-2381.10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106498603027222591Search in Google Scholar

4. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159-2219.10.1093/eurheartj/eht15123771844Search in Google Scholar

5. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2999-3058.10.1093/eurheartj/ehw27227567407Search in Google Scholar

6. Magnussen CG. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and hypertensive heart disease: a short review. Clin Hypertens. 2017;23:7.10.1186/s40885-017-0063-3537648728373912Search in Google Scholar

7. Zielinski T, Dzielinska Z, Januszewicz A, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:1058-1064.10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.05.01117903688Search in Google Scholar

8. Sumbul HE, Koc AS, Demirtas D. Increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and common carotid artery intima-media thickness obtained to assess target organ damage in hypertensive patients are closely related. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;24:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]10.1080/10641963.2018.150647130141974Search in Google Scholar

9. Suurküla M, Fagerberg B, Wendelhag I, Agewall S, Wikstrand J. Atherosclerotic disease in the femoral artery in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk. The value of ultrasonographic assessment of intima-media thickness and plaque occurrence. Risk Intervention Study (RIS) Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:971-977.10.1161/01.ATV.16.8.971Search in Google Scholar

10. Zhao XX, Liu J, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Li L, Wang H. The effect of cardiovascular risk factors on the carotid intima-media thickness in an old-aged cohort with hypertension: a longitudinal evolution with 4-year follow-up of a random clinical trial. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;19:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]10.1080/10641963.2018.144186029553852Search in Google Scholar

11. Baldassarre D, Amato M, Bondioli A, Sirtori CR, Tremoli E. Carotid artery intima-media thickness measured by ultrasonography in normal clinical practice correlates well with atherosclerosis risk factors. Stroke. 2000;31:2426-2430.10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2426Search in Google Scholar

12. Ammirati E, Moroni F, Norata GD, Magnoni M, Camici PG. Markers of inflammation associated with plaque progression and instability in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:718329.10.1155/2015/718329441546925960621Search in Google Scholar

13. Koenig W. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and atherosclerotic disease: from improved riskprediction to risk-guided therapy. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:5126-5134.10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.11323978367Search in Google Scholar

14. Boaz M, Chernin G, Schwartz I, et al. C-reactive protein and carotid and femoral intima media thickness: predicting inflammation. Clin Nephrol. 2013;80:449-455.10.5414/CN10806724131677Search in Google Scholar

15. Eltoft A, Arntzen KA, Wilsgaard T, Hansen JB, Mathiesen EB, Johnsen SH. Joint Effect of Carotid Plaque and C-Reactive Protein on First-Ever Ischemic Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;pii: e008951.10.1161/JAHA.118.008951601537129773576Search in Google Scholar

16. Yerly P, Rodondi N, Viswanathan B, Riesen W, Vogt P, Bovet P. Association between conventional risk factors and different ultrasound-based markers of atherosclerosis at carotid and femoral levels in a middle-aged population. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29:589-599.10.1007/s10554-012-0124-323015308Search in Google Scholar

17. Wallenfeldt K, Hulthe J, Bokemark L, Wikstrand J, Fagerberg B. Carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein in relation to smokeless tobacco use or smoking in 58-year-old men. J Intern Med. 2001;250:492-501.10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00917.x11902817Search in Google Scholar

18. Layne AJ, Fairman RM, Jackson BM, et al. Analysis of femoral artery intima-media thickness during the cardiac cycle. J Surg Res. 2012;177:382-386.10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.04922480833Search in Google Scholar

19. Godoi ET, Brandt CT, Lacerda HR, Godoi JT, Oliveira DC, Costa GF. Intima-Media Thickness in the Carotid and Femoral Arteries for Detection of Arteriosclerosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108:3-11.10.5935/abc.20160197Search in Google Scholar

20. Lucatelli P, Fagnani C, Tarnoki AD, et al. Femoral Artery Ultrasound Examination. Angiology. 2017;68:257-265.10.1177/000331971665177727235457Search in Google Scholar

21. Held C, Hjemdahl P, Eriksson SV, Björkander I, Forslund L, Rehnqvist N. Prognostic implications of intima-media thickness and plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries in patients with stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:62-72.10.1053/euhj.1999.200611133211Search in Google Scholar

22. Giannoukas AD, Antoniou GA, Saleptsis V, Baros C, Griffin M, Nicolaides AN. Common femoral artery intima-media thickness as marker for cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic adults. Vasa. 2009;38:147-154.10.1024/0301-1526.38.2.14719588302Search in Google Scholar

23. Polak JF, Pencina MJ, Meisner A, et al. Associations of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) with risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease: comparison of mean common carotid artery IMT with maximum internal carotid artery IMT. J Ultrasound Med. 2010;29:1759-1768.10.7863/jum.2010.29.12.1759318606321098848Search in Google Scholar

24. Iglesias del Sol A, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Carotid intima-media thickness at different sites: relation to incident myocardial infarction. The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:934-940.10.1053/euhj.2001.296512069447Search in Google Scholar

25. Layne AJ, Fairman RM, Jackson BM, et al. Analysis of femoral artery intima-media thickness during the cardiac cycle. J Surg Res. 2012;177:382-386.10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.04922480833Search in Google Scholar

26. Srámek A, Bosch JG, Reiber JH, Van Oostayen JA, Rosendaal FR. Ultrasound assessment of atherosclerotic vessel wall changes: reproducibility of intima-media thickness measurements in carotid and femoral arteries. Invest Radiol. 2000;35:699-706.10.1097/00004424-200012000-0000111204795Search in Google Scholar

27. Corrado E, Muratori I, Tantillo R, et al. Relationship between endothelial dysfunction, intima media thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic subjects. Int Angiol. 2005;24:52-58.Search in Google Scholar

28. Faeh D, William J, Yerly P, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Diabetes and pre-diabetes are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and carotid/femoral intima-media thickness independently of markers of insulin resistance and adiposity. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007;6:32.10.1186/1475-2840-6-32214803717958881Search in Google Scholar

29. Li MF, Zhao CC, Li TT, et al. The coexistence of carotid and lower extremity atherosclerosis further increases cardio-cerebrovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:43.10.1186/s12933-016-0360-2477921826944724Search in Google Scholar

30. Nimkuntod P, Tongdee P. Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Ratio and Early Marker of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98 Suppl 4:S58-S63.Search in Google Scholar

31. Paul TK, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, He J, Berenson GS. Contrast of the impact of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on the femoral and carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;216:359-364.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.023311062521376319Search in Google Scholar

32. Genoud M, Wietlisbach V, Feihl F, R et al. Surrogate markers for atherosclerosis in overweight subjects with atherogenic dyslipidemia: the GEMS project. Angiology. 2008;59:484-492.10.1177/000331970730776818388087Search in Google Scholar

33. Vaudo G, Marchesi S, Siepi D, et al. Metabolic syndrome and preclinical atherosclerosis: focus on femoral arteries. Metabolism. 2007;56:541-546.10.1016/j.metabol.2006.11.01617379014Search in Google Scholar

34. Lima WG, Martins-Santos ME, Chaves VE. Uric acid as a modulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Biochimie. 2015;116:17-23.10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.02526133655Search in Google Scholar

35. Dehghan A, van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC. High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:361-362.10.2337/dc07-127617977935Search in Google Scholar

36. Bowden RG, Shelmadine BD, Moreillon JJ, Deike E, Griggs JO, Wilson RL. Effects of Uric Acid on Lipid Levels in CKD Patients in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Cardiol Res. 2013;4:56-63.10.4021/cr263w535821428352421Search in Google Scholar

37. Biscaglia S, Ceconi C, Malagù M, Pavasini R, Ferrari R. Uric acid and coronary artery disease: An elusive link deserving further attention. Int J Cardiol. 2016;213:28-32.10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.08626318389Search in Google Scholar

38. Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:e19-e24.10.1161/01.ATV.0000112379.88385.6714766740Search in Google Scholar

39. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Heart Association. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499-511.10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.4512551878Search in Google Scholar

40. Boaz M, Chernin G, Schwartz I, et al. C-reactive protein and carotid and femoral intima media thickness: predicting inflammation. Clin Nephrol. 2013;80:449-455.10.5414/CN10806724131677Search in Google Scholar

41. Winckler K, Wiinberg N, Jensen AK, et al. Carotid intima media thickness and ankle brachial index are inversely associated in subjects with and without diabetes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2018;3:1-6.10.1080/00365513.2018.149912430073874Search in Google Scholar

42. Flanigan DP, Ballard JL, Robinson D, Galliano M, Blecker G, Harward TR. Duplex ultrasound of the superficial femoral artery is a better screening tool than ankle-brachial index to identify at risk patients with lower extremity atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:789-792.10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.02318280098Search in Google Scholar

43. Weir-McCall JR, Khan F, Lambert MA, et al. Common carotid intima media thickness and ankle-brachial pressure index correlate with local but not global atheroma burden: a cross sectional study using whole body magnetic resonance angiography. PLoS One. 2014;9:e99190.10.1371/journal.pone.0099190405966124933122Search in Google Scholar

44. Wikström J, Hansen T, Johansson L, Ahlström H, Lind L. Lower extremity artery stenosis distribution in an unselected elderly population and its relation to a reduced ankle-brachial index. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:330-334.10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.00819446989Search in Google Scholar

45. Tseng CH. Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:517-521.10.2337/diacare.27.2.51714747238Search in Google Scholar

46. Langsted A, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG. Lipoprotein(a): fasting and nonfasting levels, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234:95-101.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.04924632508Search in Google Scholar

47. Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhu M, Lu R, Wang Y, Ni Z. Plasma Pentraxin 3 Is Closely Associated with Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hemodialysis Patients and Predicts Clinical Outcome: A 6-Year Follow-Up. Blood Purif. 2015;39:266-273.10.1159/00038125425924996Search in Google Scholar

48. Singh TP, Morris DR, Smith S, Moxon JV, Golledge J. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;54:220-233.10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.05.00928666785Search in Google Scholar

49. Pleskovič A, Letonja MŠ, Vujkovac AC, et al. C-reactive protein as a marker of progression of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vasa. 2017;46:187-192.10.1024/0301-1526/a00061428218562Search in Google Scholar

50. Bruining N, de Winter S, Roelandt JR, et al. Coronary calcium significantly affects quantitative analysis of coronary ultrasound: importance for atherosclerosis progression/regression studies. Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20:409-414.10.1097/MCA.0b013e32832fa9b819641457Search in Google Scholar

51. Huang Y, Li W, Dong L, Li R, Wu Y. Effect of statin therapy on the progression of common carotid artery intima-media thickness: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2013;20:108-121.10.5551/jat.1400123095240Search in Google Scholar