<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This paper compares the paradigmatic differences between knowledge organization (KO) in library and information science and knowledge representation (KR) in AI to show the convergence in KO and KR methods and applications.</p></sec><sec><h3>Methodology</h3><p>The literature review and comparative analysis of KO and KR paradigms is the primary method used in this paper.</p></sec><sec><h3>Findings</h3><p>A key difference between KO and KR lays in the purpose of KO is to organize knowledge into certain structure for standardizing and/or normalizing the vocabulary of concepts and relations, while KR is problem-solving oriented. Differences between KO and KR are discussed based on the goal, methods, and functions.</p></sec><sec><h3>Research limitations</h3><p>This is only a preliminary research with a case study as proof of concept.</p></sec><sec><h3>Practical implications</h3><p>The paper articulates on the opportunities in applying KR and other AI methods and techniques to enhance the functions of KO.</p></sec><sec><h3>Originality/value:</h3><p>Ontologies and linked data as the evidence of the convergence of KO and KR paradigms provide theoretical and methodological support to innovate KO in the AI era.</p></sec></abstract>

PurposeThis paper compares the paradigmatic differences between knowledge organization (KO) in library and information science and knowledge representation (KR) in AI to show the convergence in KO and KR methods and applications.MethodologyThe literature review and comparative analysis of KO and KR paradigms is the primary method used in this paper.FindingsA key difference between KO and KR lays in the purpose of KO is to organize knowledge into certain structure for standardizing and/or normalizing the vocabulary of concepts and relations, while KR is problem-solving oriented. Differences between KO and KR are discussed based on the goal, methods, and functions.Research limitationsThis is only a preliminary research with a case study as proof of concept.Practical implicationsThe paper articulates on the opportunities in applying KR and other AI methods and techniques to enhance the functions of KO.Originality/value:Ontologies and linked data as the evidence of the convergence of KO and KR paradigms provide theoretical and methodological support to innovate KO in the AI era.

Knowledge Organization and Representation under the AI Lens

Journal of Data and Information Science

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

{"article-title":"Knowledge Organization and Representation under the AI Lens"}

PurposeThis paper compares the paradigmatic differences between knowledge organization (KO) in library and information science and knowledge representation...

Relationship	Pattern	Example
has-biomarker	Disease has-biomarker Gene	chronic myeloid leukemia has-biomarker BCR-ABLnon-small cell lung cancer has-biomarker EGFR
is-driver-of	Gene is-driver-of Disease	Her2 is-driver-of breast cancerc-Kit is-driver-of chronic granulocytic leukemia
targets	Drug targets Gene	Crizotinib targets ALKOlaparib targets BRCA1/2
has-role-of	Drug has-role-of Treatment	Crizotinib has-role-of oncogene de-addictionOlaparib has-role-of DNA repair

	Paradigm	Goals	Methods	Functions
KO	Integration	Organize the knowledge universe	Categorize, classify generalize, synthesize	Represent knowledge in publications and organize knowledge about nature and/or society
KO	Disintegration	Organize the knowledge in a domain	Categorize, classify, generalize, synthesize, model	Represent knowledge in data and publications in a domain
KR	Production rules	Represent knowledge in condition-action pairs to solve problems	Use forward chaining algorithms to execute condition-action pairs	Represent fragmentary knowledge in entity-attribute-value (triple) format
	Semantic networks and frames	Represent semantic relations between concepts	Express semantic relations in triples	Connect knowledge nodes through attributes or slots to form a knowledge graph
	First-order logic	Formalize qualifier construction in natural language	Express declarative propositions using the first-order logic syntax and semantics	Produce a set of axioms for reasoning

Category	Atomic level (name of things)	Concept level	Cluster level
Gene	Her2, BRCA1, BRCA2, EGFR	Oncogenes	EGFR mutations in lung cancer
Disease	Non-squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma	Non-small cell lung cancer	Lung cancer
Drug	Pertumzumab, Lmatinib, Crizotinib	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Oncogene de-addiction

Knowledge Organization and Representation under the AI Lens

Article Category: Research Paper

Published Online: Apr 22, 2020

Page range: 3 - 17

Received: Jan 10, 2020

Accepted: Mar 25, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2020-0002

Keywords
Knowledge representation, Knowledge organization, Artificial Intelligence, Paradigms

© 2020 Jian Qin, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Major relationships types and patterns between knowledge nodes observed in the sample publications.

Similarities in goals, methods, and functions between KO and KR paradigms.

Examples of knowledge nodes derived from the sample publications.

Knowledge Organization and Representation under the AI Lens

Article Category: Research Paper

Published Online: Apr 22, 2020

Page range: 3 - 17

Received: Jan 10, 2020

Accepted: Mar 25, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2020-0002

KeywordsKnowledge representation, Knowledge organization, Artificial Intelligence, Paradigms

© 2020 Jian Qin, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Major relationships types and patterns between knowledge nodes observed in the sample publications.

Similarities in goals, methods, and functions between KO and KR paradigms.

Examples of knowledge nodes derived from the sample publications.

Keywords
Knowledge representation, Knowledge organization, Artificial Intelligence, Paradigms