Initial Fluid Resuscitation Following Adjusted Body Weight Dosing in Sepsis and Septic Shock
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Nov 27, 2019
Page range: 130 - 135
Received: Jun 01, 2019
Accepted: Oct 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2019-0025
Keywords
© 2019 Oana Antal, Elena Ștefănescu, Monica Mleșnițe, Andrei Mihai Bălan, Natalia Hagău, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Sepsis continues to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among critically ill patients. Even though fatality rates have improved over the last decades, mortality remains high [1]. Fluid administration is considered a fundamental part of early sepsis treatment [2]. In recent years there have been several important clinical trials carried out on this subject. Despite this abundant research, fundamental questions about the amount of fluids to be given remain unanswered [3].
A few years ago, a new approach regarding the management of these conditions emerged: personalized medicine, which is considered to be the future of intensive care medicine [4, 5]. This concept includes personalized haemodynamic management of critically ill patients. Therefore, measuring haemodynamic variables, such as cardiac output, stroke volume, extravascular lung water or global end-diastolic volume, and guiding the fluid therapy accordingly, should be considered as part of the treatment of septic patients. Moreover, adjusting the macro-haemodynamic parameters is the
first step in achieving “haemodynamic coherence”, an important pillar in the management of the critically ill patients [4].
The study aimed to determine to what extent the advanced haemodynamic monitoring influences the management of fluid resuscitation.
This was a prospective observational study carried out between January 2016 and July 2017, in a university hospital (The Emergency County Hospital Cluj, Cluj-Napoca, Romania).
The Ethics Committee of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca approved the study protocol (no 119/6.03.2015). Before data acquisition, informed consent was obtained from each patient or their next of kin, if the patient was unable to give consent.
Seventy-one patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, initially defined according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Definitions [6] and subsequently redefined according to the new Sepsis-3 definitions in sepsis and septic shock [7], were included in the study.
Patients were recruited either in the emergency department (ED) or the hospital ward.
Patients were excluded if they were >80 years old, had severe cardiac disease as defined by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV stage, significant aortic valvular disease, stage IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Child-Pugh score C, known vascular disease, abnormal Allen test, severe anaemia, those with religious believes which impeded blood transfusions, severe hypothermia, patients requiring “prone positioning”, end-stage neoplastic diseases, soft tissue infection at the site of catheter insertion, chronic sepsis or patient refusal.
These complex exclusion criteria were used in order to avoid all factors that could bias the haemodynamic of the patients [8, 9, 10, 11].
Both spontaneous breathing and mechanically ventilated patients were included in the study.
The time of presentation was taken to be the time of the first charted recording, which suggested sepsis [12]. Time zero was taken to be the time when a patient was admitted to the ICU.
All patients were haemodynamically resuscitated from the time of presentation to the third hour after study inclusion according to local protocols, without using any advanced haemodynamic monitoring. Both crystalloid and colloid solutions were given and administered both through peripheral and central lines. From the third hour to the twenty-fourth hour after study inclusion, all patients continued to be resuscitated using minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring parameters: stroke volume variation (SVV) at passive leg raising (PLR), cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), global end-diastolic index (GEDI), intrathoracic blood index (ITBI), extravascular lung index (ELWI), global ejection fraction (GEF) obtained on transpulmonary thermodilution analysis (EV1000 clinical platform, Edwards Lifesciences© Irvine, CA, USA). Calibrations were performed at 3, 6 and 24 hours after study inclusion, and at any time the vasoactive infusion was adjusted.
In order to use this haemodynamic monitoring system, a central venous line was placed on the jugular or subclavian vein and an arterial catheter on the femoral artery. The vessel to be cannulated was chosen after performing an echography of the arteries and veins, always aiming for normal blood flow.
Alongside the advanced haemodynamic monitoring, we also used static haemodynamic parameters such as blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP) and also clinical features such as urinary output (UO) and capillary refill time (CRT).
The study protocol is summarized in figure 1.
Fig. 1
Study protocol. Time of presentation: time of the first chart recording of sepsis; Time zero: time of study inclusion (ICU); MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; CVP: central venous pressure; CO: cardiac output; SV: stroke volume; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; SVV at PLR: stroke volume variation at passive leg rising; ELWI: extravascular lung water index; GEF: global ejection fraction; CRT: capillary refill time
The vasopressor dependency index (VDI), a surrogate for the haemodynamic impairment, was used to express the relationship between the vasopressor infusion dose and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). VDI is calculated using the formula: ((Dobutamine dose*1) + (Dopamine dose*1) + (Norepinephrine dose*100) + (Vasopressin*100) + (Epinephrine*100))/MAP, where Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dobutamine and Dopamine are expressed as μg/kg/min and Vasopressin as units/min.
SOFA, cardiovascular SOFA and APACHE II scores were used to classify the illness severity [13, 14].
The KDIGO and AKIN urinary output criteria were used to define sepsis-related AKI at 24 hours after study inclusion [15, 16].
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0, MedCalc statistical software version 17.9, and Microsoft Excel 2013.
Continuous variables were expressed as mean (SD), while categorical variables were expressed as numbers or percentages. For descriptive statistics, we used tables and graphs. To compare means, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for data that did not follow a normal distribution and independent samples t-test for the data that was normally distributed.
The level of significance was set at α = 0.05.
For comparing proportions, the two-proportion Z-Test was used.
From January 1st, 2016 to July 31st, 2017, seventy-one patients with sepsis and septic shock were enrolled into the study (Figure 2).
Fig. 2
Flow chart of patient inclusion and exclusion criteria
All the 71 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Their demographic and physiologic characteristics are shown in table 1.
The demographic and physiologic characteristics of the patients enrolled
| Diagnosis | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Sepsis | 37 (52.1%) |
| Septic shock | 34 (47.9%) |
| Type of sepsis | N (%) |
| Medical | 26 (36.6%) |
| Surgical | 45 (63.4%) |
| Sex | N (%) |
| Female | 21 (29.6%) |
| Male | 50 (70.4%) |
| Age Mean (SD) | 62.68 (14.78) |
| Weight kg Mean (SD) | 82.58 (20.03) |
| Body Surface Area Mean (SD) | 1.92 (0.24) |
| Ventilation | N (%) |
| Mechanically ventilated | 49 (69%) |
| Spontaneous ventilation | 22 (31%) |
| PEEP for Mechanically ventilated at study incluion (time 0) Mean (SD) | 5.69 (1.1) |
| SOFA Score at study inclusion (time 0) Mean (SD) | 9.58 (3.27) |
| Cardiovascular SOFA at study incluion (time 0) Mean (SD) | 2.85 (1.4) |
| APACHE II Score at study incluion (time 0) Mean (SD) | 21.94 (8.64) |
| Heart Rate at study incluion (time 0) Mean (SD) beats/min | 105.01 (20.64) |
| Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at presentation Mean (SD) mm Hg | 64.6 (15.0) |
| Lactate at study inclusion (time zero) mmol/l | 22.74 (20.25) |
The Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) at the time of presentation was 64.61 mm Hg ± 15.04 mm Hg because 46.4% of patients were already on vasoactive support.
When analysed, the total fluid load received by the patients in the time interval from the time of presentation to the 3rd hour of fluid resuscitation (initial fluid resuscitation), it was observed that only 49.30% of the patients, received 30 ml/ kg body weight as recommended by the SSC 2016 guidelines.
Only 32.4% were with normal body mass index (BMI), 42.3% had a weight corresponding to BMI+20%, 9.9% had BMI+40% and 15.4 % were with obesity class II and III. After performing the ideal body weight (IBW) according to the Lemmens formula [17], and adjusting the total volume of fluids received in the same time interval to the IBW, we obtained different results. The comparison of the fluid load before and after IBW adjustment is shown in figure 3.
Fig. 3
Initial fluid load before and after IBW adjustment
The percentage of patients receiving ≥ 30 ml/kg fluid in initial fluid resuscitation increased from 49.40% before IBW adjustment to 70.4% afterwards. There was a statistically significant difference between the amount of fluid/kg received by the patients before and after performing the IBW adjustment (p<0.01).
By the third hour after study inclusion, the majority of the macro haemodynamic parameters were in the targeted range (Table 2).
The haemodynamic parameters of the patients included in the study
| N=71 patients | Time of presentation | Study inclusion (time 0) | p value* | 3rd hour | p value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart rate b/min (SD) | # | 103.92 (18.67) | - | 98.7 (18.8) | 0.10 |
| Systolic blood pressure mm Hg (SD) | 98 (22.5) | 118.0 (21.07) | <0.0001 | 122.7 (18.1) | 0.15 |
| Diastolic blood pressure mm Hg (SD) | 49.5 (13.6) | 56.64 (13.13) | 0.0003 | 55.5 (11.8) | 0.60 |
| Mean arterial blood pressure mm Hg (SD) | 64.6 (15) | 75.22 (13.69) | <0.0001 | 74.8 (11.6) | 0.86 |
| Central venous pressure mm Hg (SD) | # | 7.34 (4.64) | - | 8.5 (4.7) | 0.13 |
| CI l/min Mean (SD) | # | # | - | 3.5 (0.7) | - |
| SVI Mean (SD) ml/m2/beat ) | # | # | - | 35.78 (10.7) | - |
| SVRI Mean (SD) dynes-sec/cm–5/m2 | # | # | - | 1691.6 (630.06) | - |
| GEDI Mean (SD) ml/kg | # | # | - | 647.5 (166.7) | - |
| ITBI Mean (SD) ml/m2 | # | # | - | 829.7 (233.1) | - |
| ELWI Mean (SD) Mean (SD) ml/kg | # | # | - | 8.75 (3.76) | - |
| Norepinephrine mcg/kg/min | 0.07 (0.1) | 0.12 (0.15) | 0.01 | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.49 |
| VDI | 0.11 (0.1) | 0.12 (0.15) | 0.03 | 0.16 (0.21) | 0.54 |
| Creatinine mean (SD) μmol/l | # | 218.34 (192.7) | - | # | - |
| Ureea mean (SD) mmol/l | # | 16.2 (12.1) | - | # | - |
| lactate (septic shock patients) mmol/l (SD) | # | 3.93 (2.53) | - | 3.80 (3.03) | 0.30 |
| oliguria/anuria no of patients (%) | # | 40 (56.3) | - | 28 (39.43) | 0.04 |
| Capilary refill time >3 sec no of patients (%) | # | 17 (23.94)) | - | 12 (16.9) | 0.29 |
Time o presentation: the first recording of the blood pressure in the medical chart; Time 0: time of study inclusion (ICU); 3rd, 6th, 24th hour: the transpulmonary thermodilution calibrations performed in Ev1000 Edwards Lifesciences® at these time frames; * comaprison between time of presentation and time zero; ** comparison between time zero and 3rd hour; ITBI, ELWI (comparison with 3rd hour); # not monitored at time of presentation
When the group of patients who received ≥30 ml/ kg IBW fluid load (Group 1) and the group of patients which received less than 30 ml/kg IBW (Group 2) were compared, there were no statistically significant differences in the SOFA, cardio-vascular SOFA, renal SOFA, pulmonary SOFA and APACHE II scores at time of presentation or at 24 hours after study admission. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences between the proportions of patients still anuric/ oliguric at twenty-four hours after study inclusion between the two groups. The mortality rates at twenty-eight days among the two groups were not significantly different.
The all-cause mortality for all patients included in the study was 30.9%.
The important finding was that an adjustment of the fluid load to the IBW might be necessary in order to avoid fluid overload.
A large percentage of the patients included in the study were either over weighted or obese, and there are no specific guidelines regarding fluid resuscitation in obese septic patients. A recent report showed that the patients receiving the least amount of fluids/kg body weight were the obese ones; it was also proposed that a body weight adjustment be made in the obese septic population when calculating the amount of fluid/kg to be administered in the initial fluid resuscitation [18]. After bodyweight adjustment was made for the patients included in our study, the results showed that 70.4 % of the patients received the 30 ml/kg fluid load recommended by the SSC (2016), compared to only 49.3 % before the IBW adjustment.
If all the targeted macro haemodynamic parameters are shown to be within normal ranges after the initial resuscitation and the tissue perfusion was improved, it can be concluded that minimally invasive haemo-dynamic monitoring sustains the idea of bodyweight adjustments for the overweighted and obese septic patients.
The difference in fluid load/kg before and after body weight adjustment was statistically significant ( p<0.01). The current findings corroborate previous publications which assert that a restrictive and adjusted fluid therapy in obese patients may have survival benefits [19, 20].
When Group 1 was compared with Group 2 no statistically significant differences were found in the SOFA, cardio-vascular SOFA, renal SOFA, pulmonary SOFA and APACHE II scores, either at time of presentation or twenty-four hours after study admission. Patients in the two groups had similar characteristics at these time frames, making the groups suitable for comparison.
Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences regarding the urinary output outcome at twenty-four hours between the two groups. This can be interpreted as the initial fluid load not being an aggravator factor for the onset or persistence of sepsis-induced AKI. This finding is in concordance with the restrictive fluid therapy approach for the resuscitation of the septic patients [21, 22].
The mortality rates at twenty-eight days among the two groups were not significantly different.
The all-cause mortality for all patients included in the study was similar to the one found in other reported studies on the subject [2,23].
The findings of this study cannot be extrapolated due to the small number of included patients. Due to the limited research in the field of fluid resuscitation of the obese patients with sepsis and septic shock, it is difficult to say whether using ideal or adjusted weight for calculating the amount of fluid may have different outcomes in terms of mortality [18].
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring favoured adjusting the initial fluid load to the IBW. A lower than 30 ml/kg IBW initial fluid load was not found to be an aggravator factor for the persistence of sepsis-induced AKI.