Open Access

The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American and Caribbean countries: Gender Differentials in Labor Market Dynamics

Mariana Viollaz
Mariana Viollaz
, 
Mauricio Salazar-Saenz
Mauricio Salazar-Saenz
, 
Luca Flabbi
Luca Flabbi
, 
Monserrat Bustelo
Monserrat Bustelo
 and 
Mariano Bosch
Mariano Bosch
   | Dec 22, 2023
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Published Online: Dec 22, 2023
Page range: -
Received: May 11, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2023-0006
Keywords
© 2023 Mariana Viollaz et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Female and Male employment rates and Gender Gap over Time.Source: PNADC for Brazil, ENE for Chile, ENCFT for the Dominican Republic, and ENOE and ENOE-N for Mexico.Note: Employment rates in percentage. The gender gap is calculated as the male minus the female employment rates and is expressed in percentage points.
Female and Male employment rates and Gender Gap over Time.Source: PNADC for Brazil, ENE for Chile, ENCFT for the Dominican Republic, and ENOE and ENOE-N for Mexico.Note: Employment rates in percentage. The gender gap is calculated as the male minus the female employment rates and is expressed in percentage points.

Figure 2

Labor market transitions: Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Women.Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Labor market transitions: Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Women.Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.

Figure 3

Labor market transition matrices Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Men.Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Labor market transition matrices Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Men.Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.

Figure 4

Labor Market Stocks.Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (1)); Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.
Labor Market Stocks.Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (1)); Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.

Figure 5

Labor Market Stocks by Quarter.Note:: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (B.1)); F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K (δk in equation (B.1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.
Labor Market Stocks by Quarter.Note:: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (B.1)); F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K (δk in equation (B.1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.

Figure 6

Labor Market Flows.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (2)); Rτ ×Fi denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (2)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.
Labor Market Flows.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (2)); Rτ ×Fi denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (2)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.

Figure 7

Labor Market Flows by Quarter.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.
Labor Market Flows by Quarter.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.

Figure 8

Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age.Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.
Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age.Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.

Figure 9

Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6
Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6

Figure 10

Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.
Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.

Figure 11

Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.Notes:Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6.
Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.Notes:Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6.

Figure 12

Labor Market Stocks by Education.Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.
Labor Market Stocks by Education.Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.

Figure 13

Labor Market Flows by Education.Note: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.
Labor Market Flows by Education.Note: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.

Figure 14

Labor Market Stocks and Flows by Job TypeNote: Employment denotes dependent variable =1 if employed. Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with a given job type with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with a given job type with respect to men. Formal, Informal, Self-Employed denotes that the state of employment of reference is, respectively, in a formal job, an informal job or as self-employed. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.8.
Labor Market Stocks and Flows by Job TypeNote: Employment denotes dependent variable =1 if employed. Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with a given job type with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with a given job type with respect to men. Formal, Informal, Self-Employed denotes that the state of employment of reference is, respectively, in a formal job, an informal job or as self-employed. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.8.

Attrition rates in Brazil and Mexico

Panel ID Panel t1–t2 t2–t3 t3–t4 t4–t5 Average
Brazil
1 2017Q1–2018Q1 12% 9% 9% 8% 10%
2 2017Q2–2018Q2 12% 10% 8% 10% 10%
3 2017Q3–2018Q3 13% 10% 10% 8% 10%
4 2017Q4–2018Q4 12% 10% 8% 8% 10%
5 2018Q1–2019Q1 12% 10% 9% 8% 10%
6 2018Q2–2019Q2 13% 10% 9% 8% 10%
7 2018Q3–2019Q3 13% 10% 9% 10% 10%
8 2018Q4–2019Q4 13% 10% 12% 10% 11%
9 2019Q1–2020Q1 13% 13% 11% 12% 12%
10 2019Q2–2020Q2 16% 13% 14% 16% 15%
11 2019Q3–2020Q3 14% 15% 18% 10% 14%
12 2019Q4–2020Q4 19% 20% 11% 9% 15%
13 2020Q1–2021Q1 25% 12% 11% . 16%
Mexico
1 2017Q1–2018Q1 7% 6% 4% 4% 5%
2 2017Q2–2018Q2
3 2017Q3–2018Q3 7% 6% 4% 4% 5%
4 2017Q4–2018Q4 7% 5% 4% 3% 5%
5 2018Q1–2019Q1 7% 5% 5% 3% 5%
6 2018Q2–2019Q2
7 2018Q3–2019Q3 7% 5% 3% 3% 5%
8 2018Q4–2019Q4 7% 5% 5% 3% 5%
9 2019Q1–2020Q1 7% 6% 4% 3% 5%
10 2019Q2–2020Q2
11 2019Q3–2020Q3 7% 5% . 48% 20%
12 2019Q4–2020Q4 8% . 49% 18% 25%
13 2020Q1–2021Q1 . 52% 21% . 36%

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
(1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2)
Panel A. LFP
Female −0.188 (0.001)*** −0.202 (0.001)*** −0.208 (0.003)*** −0.209 (0.003)*** −0.236 (0.006)*** −0.253 (0.006)*** −0.316 (0.002)*** −0.314 (0.002)***
Post −0.039 (0.002)*** −0.049 (0.002)*** −0.062 (0.005)*** −0.053 (0.006)*** −0.036 (0.005)*** −0.032 (0.007)*** −0.041 (0.003)*** −0.043 (0.003)***
Female*Post −0.012 (0.003)*** −0.013 (0.003)*** −0.038 (0.008)*** −0.036 (0.008)*** −0.031 (0.009)*** −0.032 (0.009)*** 0.003 (0.005) 0.004 (0.005)
Observations 1,184,271 1,184,271 221,542 221,542 63,488 63,488 674,409 674,409
R−squared 0.053 0.118 0.070 0.101 0.096 0.118 0.136 0.163
Panel B. Employment
Female −0.193 (0.002)*** −0.212 (0.001)*** −0.202 (0.003)*** −0.206 (0.003)*** −0.255 (0.006)*** −0.273 (0.007)*** −0.306 (0.002)*** −0.306 (0.002)***
Post −0.050 (0.002)*** −0.067 (0.002)*** −0.088 (0.006)*** −0.077 (0.007)*** −0.040 (0.005)*** −0.046 (0.007)*** −0.060 (0.003)*** −0.060 (0.004)***
Female*Post −0.011 (0.004)*** −0.012 (0.003)*** −0.021 (0.009)** −0.019 (0.009)** −0.022 (0.010)** −0.022 (0.010)** 0.015 (0.005)*** 0.015 (0.005)***
Observations 1,184,271 1,184,271 221,542 221,542 63,488 63,488 674,409 674,409
R−squared 0.047 0.107 0.057 0.086 0.097 0.117 0.119 0.143
Panel C. Job loss
Female 0.033 (0.002)*** 0.051 (0.002)*** 0.039 (0.005)*** 0.038 (0.004)*** 0.049 (0.008)*** 0.054 (0.008)*** 0.141 (0.003)*** 0.136 (0.003)***
Post 0.030 (0.003)*** 0.048 (0.005)*** 0.232 (0.012)*** 0.091 (0.025)*** 0.073 (0.007)*** 0.079 (0.016)*** 0.032 (0.004)*** 0.020 (0.006)***
Female*Post 0.030 (0.004)*** 0.029 (0.004)*** 0.036 (0.017)** 0.005 (0.012) 0.038 (0.013)*** 0.035 (0.012)*** −0.013 (0.007)* −0.011 (0.007)
Observations 178,649 178,649 24,770 24,770 10,550 10,550 82,087 82,087
R-squared 0.007 0.079 0.053 0.457 0.032 0.070 0.034 0.103
Panel D. Job gain
Female −0.178 (0.005)*** −0.191 (0.004)*** −0.220 (0.012)*** −0.165 (0.011)*** −0.261 (0.033)*** −0.268 (0.033)*** −0.278 (0.009)*** −0.277 (0.009)***
Post −0.214 (0.007)*** −0.180 (0.010)*** −0.022 (0.028) −0.187 (0.035)*** −0.114 (0.042)*** −0.032 (0.060) −0.187 (0.018)*** −0.189 (0.021)***
Female*Post 0.060 (0.008)*** 0.061 (0.008)*** −0.013 (0.032) 0.050 (0.025)** 0.025 (0.044) 0.021 (0.043) 0.084 (0.019)*** 0.086 (0.019)***
Observations 73,562 73,562 9,956 9,956 3,017 3,017 29,008 29,008
R-squared 0.056 0.100 0.039 0.336 0.066 0.105 0.046 0.064

Comparison of demographic characteristics between different samples

All All in panel + All who attrited All in panel
Women Men Women Men Women Men
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Brazil
Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age 39.61 39.22 39.52 39.13 40.72 40.33
Low educ level 0.32 0.39 0.32 0.39 0.31 0.38
Medium educ level 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
High educ level 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.18
At least one kid 0–5 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24
At least one kid 6–12 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.30
At least one kid 13–17 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.22 0.27 0.23
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4
Age 39.73 39.38 39.63 39.29 40.62 40.36
Low educ level 0.29 0.36 0.30 0.37 0.26 0.33
Medium educ level 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45
High educ level 0.26 0.19 0.26 0.19 0.29 0.22
At least one kid 0–5 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23
At least one kid 6–12 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.28 0.33 0.29
At least one kid 13–17 0.26 0.22 0.25 0.21 0.26 0.22
Mexico
Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age 39.37 38.99 39.33 38.92 40.05 39.66
Low educ level 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16
Medium educ level 0.54 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.54
High educ level 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.28 0.29
At least one kid 0–5 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28
At least one kid 6–12 0.41 0.36 0.40 0.36 0.41 0.37
At least one kid 13–17 0.32 0.28 0.32 0.28 0.33 0.30
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020 Q4
Age 39.53 39.14 39.39 39.06 40.02 39.57
Low educ level 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Medium educ level 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.56 0.54
High educ level 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.30
At least one kid 0–5 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.26
At least one kid 6–12 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.36
At least one kid 13–17 0.32 0.27 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.28
Dominican Republic
Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age 38.30 38.02 40.12 39.54
Low educ level 0.32 0.40 0.33 0.43
Medium educ level 0.41 0.43 0.41 0.41
High educ level 0.27 0.17 0.26 0.16
At least one kid 0–5 0.37 0.32 0.33 0.30
At least one kid 6–12 0.45 0.34 0.47 0.35
At least one kid 13–17 0.35 0.26 0.38 0.28
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4
Age 38.36 38.09 39.90 39.48
Low educ level 0.29 0.39 0.31 0.42
Medium educ level 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.43
High educ level 0.27 0.17 0.26 0.15
At least one kid 0–5 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.31
At least one kid 6–12 0.43 0.32 0.47 0.35
At least one kid 13–17 0.32 0.23 0.36 0.27
Chile
Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age 40.07 39.63 41.72 41.72
Low educ level 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.27
Medium educ level 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
High educ level 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.27
At least one kid 0–5 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.24
At least one kid 6–12 0.39 0.31 0.39 0.31
At least one kid 13–17 0.29 0.23 0.30 0.23
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4
Age 40.21 39.65 41.92 41.40
Low educ level 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.18
Medium educ level 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45
High educ level 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.37
At least one kid 0–5 0.29 0.25 0.24 0.22
At least one kid 6–12 0.39 0.31 0.38 0.33
At least one kid 13–17 0.29 0.22 0.31 0.23

Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Women

Brazil
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.82 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.06 Initial: Formal 0.80 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.10
Informal 0.24 0.41 0.08 0.10 0.17 Informal 0.14 0.37 0.05 0.14 0.30
Self-emp 0.08 0.07 0.61 0.06 0.19 Self-emp 0.04 0.03 0.56 0.07 0.29
Unemp 0.17 0.14 0.09 0.25 0.35 Unemp 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.32 0.44
OLF 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.69 OLF 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.81
Chile
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.86 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 Initial: Formal 0.80 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.13
Informal 0.25 0.35 0.14 0.08 0.18 Informal 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.49
Self-emp 0.07 0.10 0.54 0.04 0.25 Self-emp 0.03 0.04 0.31 0.07 0.54
Unemp 0.25 0.12 0.11 0.18 0.34 Unemp 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.58
OLF 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.68 OLF 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.76
Dominican Republic
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.91 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 Initial: Formal 0.86 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.08
Informal 0.13 0.66 0.02 0.06 0.13 Informal 0.11 0.53 0.04 0.04 0.27
Self-emp 0.03 0.03 0.79 0.02 0.13 Self-emp 0.03 0.05 0.64 0.01 0.26
Unemp 0.13 0.16 0.08 0.16 0.47 Unemp 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.66
OLF 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.70 OLF 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.82
Mexico
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.77 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.10 Initial: Formal 0.77 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.12
Informal 0.19 0.44 0.08 0.03 0.25 Informal 0.15 0.39 0.08 0.05 0.33
Self-emp 0.05 0.13 0.43 0.02 0.37 Self-emp 0.04 0.10 0.42 0.03 0.42
Unemp 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.10 0.41 Unemp 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.07 0.52
OLF 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.04 0.67 OLF 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.03 0.74

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
(1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2)
Panel A. LFP
Female*Q1P −0.007 (0.003)** −0.008 (0.003)*** −0.033 (0.009)*** −0.031 (0.009)*** −0.028 (0.010)*** −0.029 (0.010)***
Female*Q2P −0.019 (0.004)*** −0.020 (0.004)*** −0.045 (0.009)*** −0.043 (0.009)*** −0.041 (0.010)*** −0.041 (0.010)*** 0.001 (0.006) 0.001 (0.005)
Female*Q3P −0.011 (0.005)** −0.013 (0.004)*** −0.036 (0.011)*** −0.036 (0.010)*** −0.023 (0.012)* −0.023 (0.012)* 0.007 (0.007) 0.008 (0.007)
Observations 1,184,271 1,184,271 221,542 221,542 63,488 63,488 674,409 674,409
R-squared 0.054 0.118 0.070 0.101 0.097 0.118 0.136 0.163
Panel B. Employment
Female*Q1P −0.002 (0.004) −0.003 (0.003) −0.019 (0.010)* −0.017 (0.010)* −0.007 (0.010) −0.008 (0.010)
Female*Q2P −0.018 (0.004)*** −0.019 (0.004)*** −0.019 (0.010)* −0.017 (0.010)* −0.032 (0.011)*** −0.032 (0.011)*** 0.011 (0.006)* 0.011 (0.006)*
Female*Q3P −0.017 (0.005)*** −0.019 (0.005)*** −0.027 (0.012)** −0.026 (0.011)** −0.032 (0.013)** −0.032 (0.013)** 0.021 (0.007)*** 0.021 (0.007)***
Observations 1,184,271 1,184,271 221,542 221,542 63,488 63,488 674,409 674,409
R−squared 0.047 0.107 0.057 0.086 0.098 0.117 0.119 0.143
Panel C. Job loss
Female*Q1P 0.022 (0.003)*** 0.022 (0.003)*** 0.038 (0.010)*** 0.036 (0.009)*** 0.034 (0.009)*** 0.032 (0.009)***
Female*Q2P 0.019 (0.003)*** 0.018 (0.003)*** −0.005 (0.007) −0.008 (0.007) 0.015 (0.007)** 0.013 (0.007)* 0.064 (0.007)*** 0.065 (0.007)***
Female*Q3P −0.009 (0.002)*** −0.009 (0.002)*** −0.024 (0.006)*** −0.027 (0.006)*** −0.015 (0.006)** −0.017 (0.006)*** −0.026 (0.007)*** −0.025 (0.007)***
Observations 411,231 411,231 80,113 80,113 24,913 24,913 148,678 148,678
R−squared 0.008 0.036 0.020 0.057 0.027 0.042 0.023 0.050
Panel D. Job gain
Female*Q1P 0.013 (0.005)** 0.013 (0.005)** −0.012 (0.020) −0.012 (0.020) −0.077 (0.031)** −0.078 (0.031)**
Female*Q2P 0.026 (0.006)*** 0.026 (0.006)*** 0.059 (0.017)*** 0.059 (0.017)*** 0.072 (0.026)*** 0.071 (0.025)*** −0.083 (0.021)*** −0.084 (0.021)***
Female*Q3P 0.043 (0.006)*** 0.042 (0.006)*** 0.032 (0.019)* 0.032 (0.019)* 0.076 (0.027)*** 0.075 (0.026)*** 0.078 (0.021)*** 0.078 (0.021)***
Observations 168,773 168,773 29,463 29,463 7,197 7,197 52,818 52,818
R−squared 0.019 0.049 0.020 0.063 0.034 0.049 0.015 0.052

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by level of education

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
Panel A. LFP
Female −0.285 (0.003)*** −0.200 (0.002)*** −0.068 (0.002)*** −0.280 (0.011)*** −0.278 (0.004)*** −0.113 (0.004)*** −0.303 (0.011)*** −0.268 (0.009)*** −0.121 (0.011)*** −0.380 (0.004)*** −0.372 (0.002)*** −0.163 (0.003)***
Post −0.057 (0.004)*** −0.043 (0.003)*** −0.027 (0.004)*** −0.077 (0.019)*** −0.049 (0.008)*** −0.044 (0.008)*** −0.031 (0.009)*** −0.035 (0.008)*** −0.029 (0.013)** −0.050 (0.009)*** −0.038 (0.004)*** −0.042 (0.005)***
Female*Post −0.017 (0.006)*** −0.030 (0.004)*** −0.017 (0.005)*** −0.054 (0.027)** −0.051 (0.012)*** −0.029 (0.011)*** −0.021 (0.016) −0.055 (0.014)*** −0.009 (0.017) 0.014 (0.014) −0.002 (0.007) −0.002 (0.009)
Observations 1,184,271 221,542 63,488 674,409
R−squared 0.127 0.111 0.125 0.176
Panel B. Employment
Female −0.280 (0.003)*** −0.219 (0.002)*** −0.081 (0.003)*** −0.276 (0.011)*** −0.272 (0.005)*** −0.113 (0.005)*** −0.321 (0.011)*** −0.294 (0.010)*** −0.131 (0.013)*** −0.370 (0.005)*** −0.364 (0.002)*** −0.156 (0.003)***
Post −0.078 (0.004)*** −0.063 (0.003)*** −0.041 (0.004)*** −0.127 (0.021)*** −0.071 (0.009)*** −0.066 (0.009)*** −0.036 (0.009)*** −0.060 (0.010)*** −0.036 (0.015)** −0.074 (0.010)*** −0.055 (0.005)*** −0.058 (0.006)***
Female*Post −0.016 (0.007)** −0.031 (0.005)*** −0.011 (0.006)* −0.010 (0.028) −0.041 (0.013)*** −0.010 (0.013) −0.022 (0.016) −0.027 (0.015)* −0.015 (0.020) 0.032 (0.015)** 0.008 (0.007) 0.010 (0.010)
Observations 1,184,271 221,542 63,488 674,409
R−squared 0.113 0.094 0.124 0.154
Panel C. Job loss
Female 0.065 (0.004)*** 0.055 (0.003)*** 0.024 (0.003)*** 0.074 (0.016)*** 0.047 (0.006)*** 0.021 (0.006)*** 0.067 (0.015)*** 0.049 (0.012)*** 0.040 (0.014)*** 0.186 (0.009)*** 0.169 (0.004)*** 0.060 (0.004)***
Post 0.053 (0.006)*** 0.048 (0.005)*** 0.039 (0.006)*** 0.226 (0.038)*** 0.071 (0.026)*** 0.082 (0.026)*** 0.063 (0.018)*** 0.093 (0.019)*** 0.079 (0.023)*** 0.029 (0.012)** 0.022 (0.007)*** 0.012 (0.009)
Female*Post 0.052 (0.009)*** 0.041 (0.006)*** 0.012 (0.006)** −0.088 (0.041)** 0.056 (0.019)*** −0.013 (0.016) 0.039 (0.023)* 0.060 (0.020)*** −0.007 (0.023) −0.013 (0.020) −0.020 (0.009)** 0.009 (0.011)
Observations 178,649 24,770 10,550 82,087
R-squared 0.080 0.459 0.072 0.107
Panel D. Job gain
Female −0.198 (0.006)*** −0.210 (0.007)*** −0.102 (0.013)*** −0.081 (0.026)*** −0.236 (0.016)*** −0.117 (0.018)*** −0.252 (0.050)*** −0.293 (0.053)*** −0.258 (0.077)*** −0.191 (0.019)*** −0.335 (0.013)*** −0.250 (0.017)***
Post −0.158 (0.012)*** −0.210 (0.014)*** −0.173 (0.021)*** −0.089 (0.058) −0.207 (0.044)*** −0.217 (0.042)*** −0.085 (0.073) 0.063 (0.082) −0.079 (0.102) −0.186 (0.038)*** −0.167 (0.028)*** −0.233 (0.034)***
Female*Post 0.051 (0.011)*** 0.086 (0.012)*** 0.035 (0.022) −0.042 (0.058) 0.101 (0.039)*** 0.005 (0.038) 0.070 (0.064) −0.092 (0.072) 0.132 (0.099) 0.076 (0.040)* 0.061 (0.027)** 0.141 (0.036)***
Observations 73,562 9,956 3,017 29,008
R-squared 0.102 0.340 0.112 0.066

Descriptive Statistics by Gender and Pandemic Period

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men
Pre-pandemic period
Demographics
Age 40.18 39.69 40.99 40.12 39.54 38.82 39.97 39.36
0–8 years of educ 0.32 0.38 0.12 0.11 0.33 0.43 0.17 0.16
9–13 years of educ 0.44 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.41 0.42 0.56 0.55
14+ years of educ 0.25 0.18 0.41 0.42 0.26 0.15 0.28 0.29
At least one children 0–5 0.25 0.24 0.30 0.26 0.36 0.31 0.30 0.29
At least one children 6–12 0.33 0.30 0.38 0.30 0.48 0.36 0.42 0.38
At least one children 13–17 0.27 0.23 0.30 0.24 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.29
Employment
Employee formal 0.41 0.50 0.47 0.66 0.34 0.40 0.35 0.58
Employee informal 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.09 0.15 0.20
Self employed 0.12 0.23 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.43 0.10 0.13
Unemployed 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03
OLF 0.30 0.11 0.29 0.09 0.30 0.06 0.38 0.06
Observations 476,332 387,872 103,131 78,477 15,455 13,748 227,556 178,745
Individuals 102,085 83,159 22,041 16,775 3,333 2,961 49,851 39,169
Quarters 4.67 4.66 4.68 4.68 4.64 4.64 4.56 4.56
Post-pandemic period
Demographics
Age 40.14 39.76 41.14 40.56 39.89 39.12 40.03 39.38
0–8 years of educ 0.27 0.34 0.10 0.10 0.31 0.43 0.15 0.15
9–13 years of educ 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.56 0.55
14+ years of educ 0.28 0.21 0.45 0.46 0.27 0.15 0.29 0.30
At least one children 0–5 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.22 0.36 0.32 0.28 0.27
At least one children 6–12 0.33 0.29 0.39 0.33 0.46 0.36 0.40 0.36
At least one children 13–17 0.26 0.21 0.30 0.24 0.37 0.29 0.33 0.28
Employment
Employee formal 0.40 0.50 0.45 0.67 0.34 0.40 0.35 0.56
Employee informal 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.19
Self employed 0.12 0.23 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.42 0.10 0.13
Unemployed 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04
OLF 0.31 0.12 0.36 0.12 0.33 0.08 0.39 0.08
Observations 175,873 144,194 23,840 16,094 18,286 15,999 45,155 36,363
Individuals 36,829 30,223 5,343 3,603 3,877 3,396 12,302 9,935
Quarters 4.78 4.77 4.46 4.47 4.72 4.71 3.67 3.66

Sample Size by Panels Periods and Countries

Panel ID Panel Period Observations
Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
1 2017Q1–2017Q4 Observations 85,728 24,012 2,784 49,496
Individuals 21,432 6,003 696 12,374
Quarters 4 4 4 4
2 2017Q2–2018Q2 Observations 104,560 30,010 3,465 −
Individuals 20,912 6,002 693
Quarters 5 5 5
3 2017Q3–2018Q3 Observations 104,165 30,175 3,645 61,160
Individuals 20,833 6,035 729 12,232
Quarters 5 5 5 5
4 2017Q4–2018Q4 Observations 104,345 30,415 2,730 63,725
Individuals 20,869 6,083 546 12,745
Quarters 5 5 5 5
5 2018Q1–2018Q4 Observations 85,084 24,960 3,028 50,820
Individuals 21,271 6,240 757 12,705
Quarters 4 4 4 4
6 2018Q2–2019Q2 Observations 102,350 25,925 3,635 −
Individuals 20,470 5,185 727
Quarters 5 5 5
7 2018Q3–2019Q3 Observations 102,695 10,210 3,695 64,010
Individuals 20,539 2,042 739 12,802
Quarters 5 5 5 5
8 2018Q4–2019Q4 Observations 98,025 4,985 2,965 62,210
Individuals 19,605 997 593 12,442
Quarters 5 5 5 5
9 2019Q1–2019Q4 Observations 77,252 916 3,256 54,880
Individuals 19,313 229 814 13,720
Quarters 4 4 4 4
10 2019Q2–2020Q2 Observations 87,235 3,365 6,325 −
Individuals 17,447 673 1,265
Quarters 5 5 5
11 2019Q3–2020Q3 Observations 88,260 9,365 8,765 32,340
Individuals 17,652 1,873 1,753 8,085
Quarters 5 5 5 4
12 2019Q4–2020Q4 Observations 83,800 8,020 10,875 26,888
Individuals 16,760 1,604 2,175 6,722
Quarters 5 5 5 4
13 2020Q1–2020Q4 Observations 60,772 19,184 8,320 22,290
Individuals 15,193 4,796 2,080 7,430
Quarters 4 4 4 3

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by type of employment

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
Formal WE Informal WE SE Formal WE Informal WE SE Formal WE Informal WE SE Formal WE Informal WE SE
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
Panel A. Employment
Female −0.006 (0.002)*** 0.070 (0.001)*** −0.064 (0.002)*** −0.056 (0.004)*** 0.031 (0.002)*** 0.026 (0.003)*** −0.006 (0.010) 0.177 (0.007)*** −0.171 (0.009)*** −0.073 (0.002)*** 0.044 (0.002)*** 0.030 (0.002)***
Post 0.016 (0.003)*** −0.007 (0.002)*** −0.009 (0.003)*** 0.031 (0.006)*** −0.011 (0.004)*** −0.020 (0.006)*** −0.019 (0.008)** −0.002 (0.007) 0.021 (0.008)*** −0.010 (0.005)** 0.005 (0.004) 0.005 (0.004)
Female*Post 0.011 (0.004)** −0.012 (0.003)*** 0.001 (0.004) −0.005 (0.009) −0.012 (0.005)** 0.017 (0.008)** 0.028 (0.013)** −0.028 (0.010)*** −0.000 (0.013) 0.032 (0.007)*** −0.031 (0.006)*** −0.001 (0.006)
Observations 836,760 836,760 836,760 162,027 162,027 162,027 48,529 48,529 48,529 496,498 496,498 496,498
R-squared 0.100 0.073 0.042 0.048 0.023 0.031 0.154 0.078 0.126 0.126 0.087 0.031
Panel B. Job loss
Female 0.028 (0.002)*** 0.065 (0.007)*** 0.105 (0.005)*** 0.019 (0.004)*** 0.062 (0.016)*** 0.112 (0.013)*** 0.015 (0.009)* 0.128 (0.022)*** 0.102 (0.017)*** 0.071 (0.003)*** 0.201 (0.007)*** 0.297 (0.009)***
Post 0.033 (0.005)*** 0.061 (0.011)*** 0.077 (0.007)*** 0.058 (0.025)** 0.265 (0.044)*** 0.216 (0.035)*** 0.079 (0.018)*** 0.126 (0.030)*** 0.067 (0.018)*** 0.004 (0.006) 0.057 (0.012)*** 0.038 (0.014)***
Female*Post 0.023 (0.004)*** 0.087 (0.014)*** 0.018 (0.009)* 0.009 (0.013) −0.048 (0.046) −0.038 (0.032) −0.001 (0.015) 0.058 (0.037) 0.057 (0.026)** 0.001 (0.007) −0.017 (0.016) −0.054 (0.020)***
Observations 178,649 178,649 178,649 24,770 24,770 24,770 10,550 10,550 10,550 82,087 82,087 82,087
R-squared 0.082 0.082 0.082 0.462 0.462 0.462 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.115 0.115 0.115
Panel C. Job gain
Female −0.036 (0.007)*** 0.111 (0.007)*** −0.075 (0.008)*** −0.103 (0.022)*** 0.021 (0.020) 0.082 (0.022)*** −0.070 (0.043) 0.249 (0.048)*** −0.179 (0.056)*** −0.078 (0.011)*** −0.027 (0.012)** 0.106 (0.012)***
Post 0.024 (0.019) −0.006 (0.019) −0.018 (0.021) 0.053 (0.057) −0.109 (0.045)** 0.056 (0.056) −0.004 (0.070) −0.003 (0.095) 0.007 (0.103) −0.008 (0.030) 0.004 (0.032) 0.003 (0.030)
Female*Post 0.005 (0.018) −0.035 (0.019)* 0.030 (0.020) −0.086 (0.066) 0.034 (0.055) 0.052 (0.067) 0.023 (0.056) −0.198 (0.069)*** 0.175 (0.078)** 0.018 (0.029) −0.012 (0.030) −0.006 (0.028)
Observations 19,844 19,844 19,844 2,546 2,546 2,546 667 667 667 10,546 10,546 10,546
R-squared 0.093 0.054 0.037 0.053 0.045 0.069 0.109 0.077 0.083 0.089 0.043 0.054

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by children age and presence.

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
No kids 0−5 only 6−17 No kids 0−5 only 6−17 No kids 0–5 only 6–17 No kids 0–5 only 6–17
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
Panel A. LFP
Female –0.145 (0.002)*** –0.268 (0.003)*** –0.240 (0.002)*** –0.125 (0.005)*** –0.264 (0.008)*** –0.260 (0.004)*** –0.209 (0.012)*** –0.315 (0.017)*** −0.264 (0.007)*** −0.221 (0.003)*** −0.365 (0.005)*** −0.359 (0.002)***
Post −0.044 (0.003)*** −0.045 (0.005)*** −0.046 (0.003)*** −0.079 (0.009)*** −0.059 (0.013)*** −0.058 (0.006)*** −0.036 (0.009)*** −0.027 (0.012)** −0.038 (0.006)*** −0.054 (0.005)*** −0.030 (0.007)*** −0.030 (0.003)***
Female*Post −0.007 (0.005) −0.012 (0.009) −0.022 (0.004)*** −0.017 (0.013) −0.016 (0.023) −0.058 (0.010)*** 0.002 (0.018) −0.075 (0.027)*** −0.038 (0.011)*** −0.000 (0.009) −0.005 (0.015) −0.004 (0.006)
Observations 1,184,271 221,542 63,488 674,409
R−squared 0.113 0.104 0.119 0.166
Panel B. Employment
Female −0.143 (0.002)*** −0.291 (0.004)*** −0.256 (0.002)*** −0.114 (0.005)*** −0.268 (0.009)*** −0.261 (0.004)*** −0.218 (0.013)*** −0.338 (0.018)*** −0.289 (0.008)*** −0.205 (0.003)*** −0.360 (0.005)*** −0.355 (0.002)***
Post −0.056 (0.004)*** −0.059 (0.006)*** −0.059 (0.003)*** −0.102 (0.010)*** −0.091 (0.016)*** −0.087 (0.008)*** −0.038 (0.010)*** −0.028 (0.015)* −0.045 (0.007)*** −0.073 (0.006)*** −0.053 (0.009)*** −0.048 (0.004)***
Female*Post −0.009 (0.005)* −0.003 (0.010) −0.021 (0.005)*** −0.010 (0.015) 0.008 (0.025) −0.035 (0.012)*** 0.003 (0.019) −0.060 (0.029)** −0.026 (0.012)** 0.011 (0.010) 0.011 (0.016) 0.006 (0.007)
Observations 1,184,271 221,542 63,488 674,409
R−squared 0.101 0.089 0.118 0.145
Panel C. Job loss
Female 0.031 (0.003)*** 0.070 (0.005)*** 0.061 (0.003)*** 0.025 (0.008)*** 0.074 (0.015)*** 0.074 (0.007)*** 0.043 (0.016)*** 0.089 (0.025)*** 0.049 (0.010)*** 0.089 (0.005)*** 0.158 (0.009)*** 0.158 (0.004)***
Post 0.028 (0.004)*** 0.040 (0.007)*** 0.035 (0.004)*** 0.249 (0.017)*** 0.279 (0.034)*** 0.224 (0.016)*** 0.082 (0.013)*** 0.087 (0.020)*** 0.068 (0.009)*** 0.034 (0.007)*** 0.031 (0.012)*** 0.026 (0.005)***
Female*Post 0.027 (0.006)*** 0.013 (0.011) 0.037 (0.006)*** −0.007 (0.025) 0.006 (0.047) 0.054 (0.021)** 0.021 (0.024) 0.078 (0.041)* 0.038 (0.015)** −0.001 (0.012) 0.010 (0.021) −0.016 (0.009)*
Observations 178,649 24,770 10,550 82,087
R−squared 0.065 0.156 0.060 0.094
Panel D. Job gain
Female −0.126 (0.006)*** −0.293 (0.016)*** −0.247 (0.007)*** −0.112 (0.019)*** −0.320 (0.043)*** −0.305 (0.019)*** −0.230 (0.047)*** −0.392 (0.099)*** −0.297 (0.056)*** −0.183 (0.013)*** −0.393 (0.028)*** −0.368 (0.014)***
Post −0.193 (0.009)*** −0.223 (0.027)*** −0.241 (0.012)*** 0.011 (0.037) 0.066 (0.089) −0.086 (0.047)* −0.123 (0.055)** −0.088 (0.132) −0.112 (0.069) −0.196 (0.023)*** −0.123 (0.062)** −0.184 (0.030)***
Female*Post 0.053 (0.010)*** 0.069 (0.029)** 0.073 (0.013)*** −0.048 (0.046) −0.121 (0.100) 0.051 (0.051) 0.069 (0.063) −0.033 (0.139) 0.019 (0.072) 0.079 (0.027)*** 0.016 (0.065) 0.088 (0.032)***
Observations 73,562 9,956 3,017 29,008
R-squared 0.076 0.059 0.083 0.058

Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Men

Brazil
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.83 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 Initial: Formal 0.83 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Informal 0.24 0.33 0.24 0.11 0.09 Informal 0.17 0.38 0.16 0.13 0.17
Self-emp 0.10 0.10 0.66 0.07 0.07 Self-emp 0.07 0.05 0.65 0.09 0.15
Unemp 0.21 0.15 0.23 0.23 0.18 Unemp 0.15 0.10 0.13 0.34 0.28
OLF 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.14 0.59 OLF 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.70
Chile
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.85 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.03 Initial: Formal 0.80 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.09
Informal 0.31 0.30 0.19 0.09 0.11 Informal 0.25 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.31
Self-emp 0.14 0.14 0.58 0.06 0.09 Self-emp 0.08 0.05 0.35 0.16 0.36
Unemp 0.36 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 Unemp 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.19 0.40
OLF 0.16 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.51 OLF 0.15 0.04 0.09 0.19 0.54
Dominican Republic
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.91 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 Initial: Formal 0.82 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.07
Informal 0.21 0.63 0.11 0.03 0.03 Informal 0.14 0.60 0.12 0.06 0.08
Self-emp 0.03 0.04 0.87 0.02 0.04 Self-emp 0.03 0.02 0.83 0.02 0.10
Unemp 0.18 0.15 0.36 0.15 0.16 Unemp 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.03 0.55
OLF 0.05 0.06 0.29 0.05 0.55 OLF 0.04 0.07 0.20 0.06 0.63
Mexico
Pre-Pandemic period Final: During-Pandemic period Final:
Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF Formal Informal Self-emp Unemp OLF
Initial: Formal 0.80 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.03 Initial: Formal 0.80 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.05
Informal 0.28 0.44 0.16 0.05 0.07 Informal 0.21 0.45 0.15 0.07 0.12
Self-emp 0.12 0.26 0.49 0.04 0.09 Self-emp 0.10 0.21 0.47 0.06 0.17
Unemp 0.32 0.25 0.14 0.11 0.17 Unemp 0.26 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.29
OLF 0.13 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.46 OLF 0.10 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.56

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters and children age and presence

Brazil Chile Dom. Rep. Mexico
No kids 0–5 only 6–17 No kids 0–5 only 6–17 No kids 0–5 only 6–17 No kids 0–5 only 6–17
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
Panel A. LFP
Female*Q1P −0.001 (0.005) −0.013 (0.009) −0.017 (0.005)*** −0.018 (0.015) 0.001 (0.028) −0.051 (0.012)*** −0.001 (0.018) −0.077 (0.029)*** −0.030 (0.012)**
Female*Q2P −0.017 (0.006)*** −0.012 (0.011) −0.029 (0.005)*** −0.019 (0.016) −0.028 (0.027) −0.063 (0.012)*** 0.003 (0.020) −0.069 (0.031)** −0.056 (0.012)*** 0.003 (0.010) −0.011 (0.017) −0.010 (0.007)
Female*Q3P −0.007 (0.007) −0.012 (0.013) −0.024 (0.006)*** −0.013 (0.018) −0.026 (0.031) −0.061 (0.013)*** 0.006 (0.024) −0.079 (0.035)** −0.027 (0.015)* −0.005 (0.012) 0.003 (0.020) 0.005 (0.008)
Observations 1,184,271 221,542 63,488 674,409
R-squared 0.113 0.104 0.120 0.166
Panel B. Employment
Female*Q1P −0.001 (0.005) −0.001 (0.010) −0.010 (0.005)** −0.001 (0.016) 0.060 (0.031)* −0.047 (0.013)*** 0.006 (0.019) −0.061 (0.029)** −0.002 (0.012)
Female*Q2P −0.016 (0.006)** −0.007 (0.012) −0.029 (0.006)*** −0.009 (0.017) −0.014 (0.030) −0.025 (0.014)* 0.007 (0.021) −0.054 (0.033)* −0.046 (0.014)*** 0.013 (0.010) 0.001 (0.018) 0.000 (0.007)
Female*Q3P −0.017 (0.008)** −0.001 (0.015) −0.031 (0.007)*** −0.025 (0.019) −0.042 (0.034) −0.031 (0.015)** −0.008 (0.025) −0.067 (0.038)* −0.036 (0.016)** 0.009 (0.012) 0.028 (0.022) 0.014 (0.009)
Observations 1,184,271 221,542 63,488 674,409
R-squared 0.101 0.089 0.118 0.146
Panel C. Job loss
Female*Q1P 0.013 (0.004)*** 0.021 (0.008)** 0.030 (0.004)*** 0.001 (0.015) 0.022 (0.029) 0.065 (0.013)*** 0.025 (0.017) 0.082 (0.030)*** 0.029 (0.011)***
Female*Q2P 0.022 (0.004)*** −0.000 (0.008) 0.021 (0.004)*** −0.006 (0.011) 0.004 (0.019) −0.011 (0.009) −0.002 (0.014) 0.026 (0.026) 0.021 (0.009)** 0.042 (0.012)*** 0.086 (0.023)*** 0.078 (0.009)***
Female*Q3P −0.002 (0.004) −0.012 (0.007)* −0.014 (0.003)*** −0.011 (0.010) −0.033 (0.015)** −0.037 (0.008)*** −0.008 (0.011) −0.040 (0.019)** −0.020 (0.008)** −0.005 (0.013) −0.046 (0.020)** −0.033 (0.009)***
Observations 411,231 80,113 24,913 148,678
R-squared 0.031 0.054 0.039 0.044
Panel D. Job gain
Female*Q1P 0.022 (0.007)*** −0.015 (0.022) 0.010 (0.010) 0.001 (0.026) −0.015 (0.079) −0.022 (0.036) −0.084 (0.043)** −0.278 (0.115)** −0.034 (0.050)
Female*Q2P 0.023 (0.007)*** 0.028 (0.022) 0.034 (0.010)*** 0.025 (0.024) 0.023 (0.078) 0.120 (0.029)*** 0.104 (0.035)*** 0.218 (0.061)*** 0.030 (0.046) −0.055 (0.028)** −0.228 (0.074)*** −0.103 (0.035)***
Female*Q3P 0.022 (0.008)*** 0.084 (0.024)*** 0.061 (0.011)*** −0.013 (0.023) −0.058 (0.100) 0.095 (0.031)*** 0.115 (0.038)*** 0.013 (0.122) 0.076 (0.044)* 0.041 (0.030) 0.181 (0.069)*** 0.107 (0.035)***
Observations 168,773 29,463 7,197 52,818
R-squared 0.026 0.026 0.043 0.019
eISSN:
2520-1786
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics
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