Dependent capitalism and the middle-income trap in Europe na East Central Europe
| Dec 31, 2018
About this article
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Dec 31, 2018
Page range: 291 - 303
Received: May 17, 2018
Accepted: Dec 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2018-0028
Keywords
© 2018 Martin Myant, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Nominal compensation per employee, 1993–2017, percentage of EU-15 level
| 1993 | 1998 | 2008 | 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czechia | 11.7 | 18.4 | 38.8 | 40.1 |
| Hungary | 19.3 | 35.8 | 29.9 | |
| Poland | 13.0 | 20.4 | 31.0 | 32.2 |
| Slovakia | 15.1 | 32.7 | 38.8 | |
| Romania | 5.2 | 7.8 | 21.8 | 24.1 |
| Germany | 110.8 | 104.1 | 90.8 | 96.6 |
Income inequality, measured by Gini coefficients
| 1987–1989 | 1993–1996 | 2012–2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Czechia | 19.4 | 26.6 | 26.1 |
| Hungary | 21.0 | 27.9 | 30.6 |
| Poland | 26.9 | 32.7 | 32.1 |
| Slovakia | 19.5 | 25.8 | 26.1 |
Net FDI, as percentage of GDP.
| 1990–1997 | 1998–2008 | 2009–2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Czechia | 2.0 | 6.3 | 2.5 |
| Hungary | 5.6 | 5.2 | 1.4 |
| Poland | 1.7 | 3.5 | 2.1 |
| Slovakia | 3.2 | 9.0 | 1.1 |
| Romania | 0.9 | 5.0 | 2.1 |
Employers and self-employed, as percentage of economically active population, excluding agriculture
| Employers | Employers plus self-employed | |
|---|---|---|
| Czechia, 1999 | 3.7 | 12.9 |
| Hungary, 2004 | 3.4 | 12.0 |
| Poland, 2000 | 3.4 | 10.5 |
| Slovakia, 2003 | 2.6 | 8.7 |
Exports from foreign-controlled companies, as percentage of exports from all enterprises, 2016
| All activities | Manufacturing | Motor vehicles | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Czechia | 51.6 | 82.5 | 97.8 |
| Poland | 44.4 | 64.4 | 90.4 |
| Slovakia | 74.8 | 98.4 | |
| Romania | 67.6 | 80.7 | 93.8 |
Kilogram price of exports of passenger cars, as percentage of German level
| 1994 | 1998 | 2008 | 2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czechia | 38.9 | 55.2 | 63.3 | 60.2 |
| Hungary | 13.9 | 73.6 | 67.1 | 73.4 |
| Poland | 35.0 | 47.0 | 56.1 | 53.9 |
| Slovakia | 4.9 | 89.2 | 70.6 | 64.5 |
| Romania | 23.6 | 45.9 | 43.8 | 42.8 |
Effects of FDI on external balances, indicators as percentage of GDP, 2014–2016
| FDI inflow | Income outflow | Net exports, whole economy | Net exports, motor vehicles | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czechia | 2.6 | 6.9 | 2.1 | 5.2 | |
| Hungary | -3.7 | 6.0 | – | ||
| Poland | 3.2 | 3.8 | -7.5 | 6.7 | |
| Slovakia | 0.2 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 7.1 |