Agglomeration Economies and Foreign Direct Investment in Advanced Business Services in Poland
| Mar 29, 2018
About this article
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Mar 29, 2018
Page range: 69 - 79
Received: Sep 25, 2017
Accepted: Feb 07, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2018-0007
Keywords
© 2018 Artur Klimek, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Figure 1
Description of explanatory variables
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| GDP | GDP at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions. Unit: million PLN. Source: GUS |
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions. Unit: PLN. Source: GUS |
| Density of ABS | Number of ABS/km2. Unit: ABS firms/km2. Source: own calculation using GUS data |
| Density of firms | Number of firms by NUTS 2 regions. Unit: ABS firms/km2. Source: own calculation using GUS data |
| Research and development expenditure | Research and development expenditure per capita by NUTS 2 region. Unit: PLN. Source: GUS |
| Students | Number of students by NUTS 2 region. Source: GUS |
| Technical students | Number of students of technical universities by NUTS 2 region. Source: GUS |
| Economics students | Number of students of economics universities by NUTS 2 region. Source: GUS |
| Capital city | Dummy for Warsaw |
| Internal migration density | Balance of internal migration by total population in NUTS 2 region. Source: GUS |
| External migration density | Balance of external migration by total population in NUTS 2 region. Source: GUS |
Results of NBRM using panel data
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDP | –19.3000 *** | –23.3829 *** | –24.4000 *** |
| (5.9000) | (7.0926) | (7.1100) | |
| GDP per capita | 0.1598 *** | 0.1413 *** | 0.1401 *** |
| (0.0223) | (0.0255) | (0.0229) | |
| Density of ABS | 85.7252 ** | 164.0711 *** | 165.7344 *** |
| (41.5843) | (42.4744) | (42.9641) | |
| Density of firms | 10.5880 ** | 10.1525 ** | 10.0919 ** |
| (5.0709) | (5.4215) | (5.3751) | |
| Research and development spending | –0.0005 | –0.0028 *** | –0.0028 *** |
| (0.0009) | (0.0008) | (0.0008) | |
| Students | 0.0183 *** | – | – |
| (0.0049) | |||
| Technical students | –0.0592 *** | – | – |
| (0.0220) | |||
| Economics students | 0.0078 | – | – |
| (0.0090) | |||
| Capital city | – | 3.5678 ** | 3.4954 ** |
| (1.6335) | (1.6840) | ||
| Internal migration density | – | – | 23.7909 |
| (174.8257) | |||
| External migration density | – | – | 56.2211 |
| (185.8895) |
Cumulative revenue of the analyzed ABS firms in the period 2004–2013
| NUTS 2 regions | Revenue (million euros) | Revenue as a % of total revenue of the ABS sector in Poland | Revenue as a % of total number of ABS firms in Poland |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL12 - Mazowieckie | 14,538.87 | 61,09 | 51.35 |
| PL21 - Malopolskie | 1,841.41 | 7,74 | 9.46 |
| PL63 - Pomorskie | 1,642.96 | 6,90 | 6.08 |
| PL51 - Dolnoslaskie | 1,592.99 | 6,69 | 8.11 |
| PL61 - Kujawsko-Pomorskie | 841.00 | 3,53 | 2.03 |
| PL22 - Slaskie | 815.65 | 3.43 | 4.73 |
| PL42 - Zachodniopomorskie | 764.00 | 3.21 | 1.35 |
| PL11 - Lodzkie | 709.29 | 2.98 | 4.05 |
| PL41 - Wielkopolskie | 673.21 | 2.83 | 10.81 |
| PL33 - Swietokrzyskie | 363.00 | 1.53 | 0.68 |
| PL62 - Warminsko-Mazurskie | 10.87 | 0.05 | 0.68 |
| PL31 - Lubelskie | 5.60 | 0.02 | 0.68 |
j.ijme-2018-0007.tab.004.w2aab3b7b6b1b6b1ab1b4b1b1Aa
| GDP | 160 | 0.0818858 | 0.0676127 | 0.021569 | 0.366343 |
| GDP per capita | 160 | 31,207.67 | 9,347.184 | 17,193.00 | 69,026.00 |
| Density of ABS | 160 | 0.0021285 | 0.0036219 | 0.00 | 0.0213732 |
| Density of firms | 160 | 0.1200764 | 0.0721314 | 0.0422209 | 0.3601457 |
| Research and development expenditure | 160 | 174.6031 | 173.8983 | 14.00 | 1,071.9 |
| Students | 160 | 114,210.1 | 77,914.33 | 19,000.00 | 350,947.00 |
| Technical students | 160 | 20,444.11 | 16,925.26 | 0.00 | 60,740.00 |
| Economics students | 160 | 20,181.93 | 21,487.53 | 203.00 | 90,811.00 |
| Capital city | 160 | 0.0625 | 0.2428215 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Internal migration density | 160 | 0.00 | 4,109.188 | –5,160.00 | 16,268.00 |
| External migration density | 160 | –799.4312 | 1,360.817 | –8,521.00 | 832.00 |