Pentastomids are obligatory parasites of the vertebrate respiratory system (Self, 2009). The Pentastomida class comprises two large clusters: Cephalobaenida and Porocephalida. The Cephalobaenida comprises two families: Reighardiidae with a single genus that parasitises species of birds, and Cephalobaenidae, which has three genera:
Of the species of
In Brazil, some studies have been carried out on pentastomid infection rates in reptiles (Vrcibradic et al., 2002; Dias et al., 2005; Almeida et al., 2008a, 2008b; Anjos et al., 2008). However, none of them analyzed the egg and larva morphology of the species studied. Recent publications on
Knowledge of the morphology of eggs and the initial larvae may aid in identifying infected hosts, since eggs can be encountered in feces (Ali & Riley, 1983; Paré, 2008). In addition, such information might be useful for taxonomic purposes. Although Kelehear et al. (2011) argue that taxonomic studies should include morphological measurements and molecular data, the idea of identifying genera and species from egg morphology has been around since the very earliest pentastomid studies (e.g. Stiles, 1891).
In the current study, we present the description of the egg and larva I of a raillietiellid species (
The initial phase of the study involved the manual collection of 33 lizards (27
The terrariums were mounted in the Laboratório de Zoologia da Universidade Regional do Cariri (LZ-URCA), in a 6 square metre space. Each terrarium consisted of a rectangular glass box 50 cm long by 50 cm high and 30 cm wide, covered with a mosquito screen cover supported by lateral and frontal pieces of wood. Inside, the walls near the top edge of each terrarium (approximately 8 cm) were covered with a layer of solid Vaseline to prevent the lizards from escaping. On the outside, a layer of Vaseline (approximately 5 cm) was applied to prevent the passage of insects. The substrate and one of the side walls of each terrarium was covered with an EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) plate to retain heat. Halogen lamps (70 W) were installed externally and 10 cm from the EVA-covered surface of the four terrariums that surrounded the lamp, so that each lamp simultaneously heated four terrariums. The lamps were connected at 06:00 hrs and disconnected at 16:00 hrs. The room temperature and humidity were checked daily 50 cm from the heat source and in the centre of the laboratory.
Water and food were supplied to the lizards ad libitum, with cockroaches
Feces were collected daily with the aid of metal pincers (always cleaned with 70 % alcohol between uses in each terrarium). The collected material was then stored in individual-specific test tubes and kept at room temperature (25 °C). The terrariums were cleaned every 15 days with 70 % alcohol. During this process, the lizards were isolated individually in plastic bags.
The lizards were checked for endoparasite infection by the examination of fecal flotation. The feces were weighed, then macerated in chalices with 2 ml of Sheather’s solution (Sheather, 1923). Additional solution was added up to the volume of 10 ml. Each sample was then homogenised for at least 5 min, sieved, placed in test tubes, and centrifuged for 2 min at 2,000 rpm. The test tubes were then placed upright in standard support racks and a small amount of Sheather’s solution was added. The samples were mounted on slides and examined under an optical microscope. A series of five samples was taken from each tube, and the eggs found were counted and measured (length and width). Larvae only rupture egg membranes with the addition of a small volume (0.1 ml) of 2 % chlorine. Stage I larvae were measured immediately after rupture to prevent the material from being damaged by the action of the chlorine.
In order to perform the egg counts on the ovaries of the females, a grid was plotted on the screen of the image analyzer; each grid was composed of 24 squares (500 μm × 500 μm) and the counting was performed throughout the ovary. The eggs were counted and separated as for maturation into two categories: embryonated eggs, when embryo members, hooks, fulcrum, and buccal cadre were observed; and eggs not embryonated, when these structures were not visualised. Fifteen embryonated eggs were measured for length and width (C/L) and their volume calculated.
At the end of the experiment, the lizards whose feces did not contain pentastomids eggs were euthanised with a lethal injection of lidocaine (2 %) and immediately dissected. Their respiratory system and cavities were analyzed for the presence of pentastomids with a stereomicroscopic loupe. Specimens of pentastomids were preserved in 70 % alcohol and subsequently slide-mounted in Hoyer’s medium and studied using a microscope equipped with an image analyzer (Zen 2 Blue Edition Zeiss). Pentastomids were measured, sexed, and assessed for reproductive maturity. Later, the specimens were deposited in the Parasitological Collection of the Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA-P: 1187 – 1240). The measurements taken included: length, width, the dimensions of the anterior and posterior hooks AB and BC, and the total area. To obtain the measurements of the hooks AB and BC, we adopted the protocol used by Ali et al. (1981).
Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. We used a linear regression analysis to test the influence of female size on ovary length and whether ovary length influenced the total number of eggs. The egg volume was calculated using the formula for an ellipsoid (V=π × C × L2/6). The volume of eggs with embryos, measured in the ovaries (15 eggs per female), was correlated with the ovary length (Spearman Correlation, following a Z test: Zar, 1999). All analyses were undertaken using the R statistical package (R Core Team, 2011).
The specimen study was approved by the Comitê de Uso e Experimentação Animal, CEUA/URCA, under permit number 00011/2016.2.
We measured 270 eggs and 88 embryos collected via the fecal flotation test. The eggs (Figs. 1, and 2A, B) were oval shaped, similar to other raillietiellids, with a mean length of 97.68 ± 7.32 μm and mean width of 75.05 ± 5.31 μm (Table 1). The egg capsule consisted of two membranes. The outer membrane had a thickness of 1.92 ± 0.51 μm, low elasticity, and was easily ruptured by cover slip pressure. In contrast, the inner membrane was highly elastic and very resistant to pressure, and was 1.39 ± 0.38 μm thick. On contact with Sheather’s solution, a thick layer usually formed around each egg, which varied in width (4.68 ± 2.93 μm) and was easily ruptured. All the eggs eliminated in the feces contained a fully formed embryo.
Length and width data available for
Species | Length (μ) | Width (μ) | Host | Author (year) |
---|---|---|---|---|
89 | 70 | Sambon (1922) | ||
100 | 80 | Heymons (1926) | ||
80 | 60 | Heymons (1935) | ||
112 | 71 | Gretillat & Brygoo (1959) | ||
75 | 50 | Fain (1961) | ||
80 | 60 | Fain (1961) | ||
85 | 70 | Serpentes do Congo | Fain (1964) | |
115 | 88 | Esslinger (1968) | ||
103 | 60 | Pence & Canaris (1973) | ||
127 | 92 | Winch & Riley (1985) | ||
167 | 109.5 | Riley et al. (2003) | ||
84.2 | 53 | Abreu-costa et al. (2005) | ||
97.68 | 75.05 | Current study |
The larvae (Fig. 2C) had a length of 149.14 ± 8.84 μm and a width of 78.97 ± 5.12 μm (dorsal organ level), and two pairs of limbs, each with a pair of terminal hooks. The anterior limbs were 17.47 ± 1.81 μm in length, with hooks of unequal sizes (10.17 ± 1.3 μm and 7.64 ± 09.33 μm). The posterior limbs were 16.78 ± 2.52 μm in length, with hooks of 10.73 ± 1.76 μm and 7.88 ± 1.08 μm. The hooks were slightly curved and strongly chitinised, and the limbs were supported by conical muscular structures. The terminal bifurcated tail processes measured 52.80 ± 7.24 μm, and their terminal spines 14.12 ± 2.34 μm. Dorsolateral spines (4.72 ± 1.03 μm) were present close to the anterior pair of limbs. The buccal cadre was 19.19 ± 2.60 μm in length and 12.55 ± 2.18 μm in width, with no distinction between regions. The penetration apparatus (Fig. 2D), located dorso-anteriorly, consisted of a central pair of spines 16.27 ± 1.90 μm in length, with two pairs of cuticular spines (5.74 ± 1.34 μm). The dorsal organ, located anteriorly, measured 7.2 ± 1.11 μm in diameter, and was surrounded by a variable number of giant cells. The larvae had visible segmentation, with non-segmented ventrally curved limbs.
Between January and June 2017, 23 fecal analyses were performed and 5 geckos (4
Although the genus
Esslinger (1968) found that certain aspects, such as characteristics of the penetration apparatus and tail structure, can be used as taxonomic criteria to distinguish
The general morphology of
The dorsal organ has a uniform appearance, similar to that described for
The length of the stage I larval tail can be used to characterise genera and possibly species (Esslinger, 1968). In the present study, the
In
Endoparasites can maximise either egg number or size according to their infection strategy and the nature of the definitive host (Daniels et al., 2013). For example, the copepod
Egg release in
Larval development in raillietiellids occurs progressively and is comparable to the development in hemimetabolic insects, in which the successive stages of larvae differ so that divergence occurs gradually (Bosch, 1986). Esslinger (1962) showed that the larval stage inside the egg of