A systematic review on the effect of Ramadan on mental health: minor effects and no harm in general, but increased risk of relapse in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Akgul S, Derman O, Kanbur NA. Fasting during Ramadan: a religious factor as a possible trigger or exacerbator for eating disorders in adolescents. Int J Eat Disord. 2014 Dec;47(8):905-10. 10.1002/eat.22255.AkgulSDermanOKanburNA.Fasting during Ramadan: a religious factor as a possible trigger or exacerbator for eating disorders in adolescentsInt J Eat Disord2014Dec4789051010.1002/eat.2225524474707Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Al-Ozairi E(1), Al Kandari J, AlHaqqan D, AlHarbi O, Masters Y, Syed AA. Obesity surgery and Ramadan: a prospective analysis of nutritional intake, hunger and satiety and adaptive behaviours during fasting. Obes Surg. 2015 Mar;25(3):523-9Al-OzairiE(1)Al KandariJAlHaqqanDAlHarbiOMastersYSyedAA.Obesity surgery and Ramadan: a prospective analysis of nutritional intake, hunger and satiety and adaptive behaviours during fastingObes Surg.2015Mar253523910.1007/s11695-014-1373-025595382Search in Google Scholar

Al-Sinawi H, Al-Adawi S, Al-Guenedi A. Ramadan fasting triggering koro-like symptoms during acute alcohol withdrawal: a case report from Oman.Transcult Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;45(4):695-704.Al-SinawiHAl-AdawiSAl-GuenediA.Ramadan fasting triggering koro-like symptoms during acute alcohol withdrawal: a case report from OmanTranscult Psychiatry.2008Dec45469570410.1177/136346150810079119091733Search in Google Scholar

Aloui A, Chtourou H, Briki W, Tabben M, Chaouachi A, Souissi N, Shephard RJ, Chamari K. Rapid weight loss in the context of Ramadan observance: recommendations for judokas. Biol Sport. 2016 Dec;33(4):407-413AlouiAChtourouHBrikiWTabbenMChaouachiASouissiNShephardRJChamariK.Rapid weight loss in the context of Ramadan observance: recommendations for judokasBiol Sport.2016Dec33440741310.5604/20831862.1224098514377628090146Search in Google Scholar

Aloui A, Briki W, Baklouti H, Chtourou H, Driss T, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Souissi N. Listening to Music during Warming-Up Counteracts the Negative Effects of Ramadan Observance on Short-Term Maximal Performance. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 24;10(8):e0136400.AlouiABrikiWBakloutiHChtourouHDrissTChaouachiAChamariKSouissiN.Listening to Music during Warming-Up Counteracts the Negative Effects of Ramadan Observance on Short-Term Maximal PerformancePLoS One.2015Aug 24108e013640010.1371/journal.pone.0136400454775426301508Search in Google Scholar

Altuntas YE, Gezen FC, Sahoniz T, Kement M, Aydin H, Sahin F, Okkabaz N, Oncel M. Ramadan fasting in patients with a stoma: a prospective study of quality of life and nutritional status. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2013;59(5):26-32.AltuntasYEGezenFCSahonizTKementMAydinHSahinFOkkabazNOncelM.Ramadan fasting in patients with a stoma: a prospective study of quality of life and nutritional statusOstomy Wound Manage.20135952632Search in Google Scholar

Aveyard P, Begh R, Sheikh A, Amos A. Promoting smoking cessation through smoking reduction during Ramadan. Addiction. 2011;106(8):1379-80AveyardPBeghRSheikhAAmosA.Promoting smoking cessation through smoking reduction during RamadanAddiction.2011106813798010.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03432.x21539634Search in Google Scholar

Bahammam A, Alrajeh M, Albabtain M, Bahammam S, Sharif M. Circadian pattern of sleep, energy expenditure, and body temperature of young healthy men during the intermittent fasting of Ramadan. Appetite. 2010;54(2):426-9BahammamAAlrajehMAlbabtainMBahammamSSharifM.Circadian pattern of sleep, energy expenditure, and body temperature of young healthy men during the intermittent fasting of RamadanAppetite.2010542426910.1016/j.appet.2010.01.01120100529Search in Google Scholar

Bahammam A. Does Ramadan fasting affect sleep? Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Dec;60(12):1631-7.BahammamA.Does Ramadan fasting affect sleep?Int J Clin Pract.2006Dec60121631710.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00811.x16669826Search in Google Scholar

Bahammam AS, Almushailhi K, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sharif MM. Intermittent fasting during Ramadan: does it affect sleep? J Sleep Res. 2014 Feb;23(1):35-43. 10.1111/jsr.12076. Epub 2013 Aug 12.BahammamASAlmushailhiKPandi-PerumalSRSharifMM.Intermittent fasting during Ramadan: does it affect sleep?J Sleep Res.2014Feb231354310.1111/jsr.12076Epub 2013 Aug 1223937329Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Chennaoui M, Desgorces F, Drogou C, Boudjemaa B, Tomaszewski A, Depiesse F, Burnat P, Chalabi H, Gomez-Merino D. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009 Aug;34(4):587-94. 10.1139/H09-014.ChennaouiMDesgorcesFDrogouCBoudjemaaBTomaszewskiADepiesseFBurnatPChalabiHGomez-MerinoD.Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runnersAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.2009Aug3445879410.1139/H09-01419767792Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Souissi H, Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Souissi N. The effect of Ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers. Asian J Sports Med. 2011 Sep;2(3):177-85.ChtourouHHammoudaOSouissiHChamariKChaouachiASouissiN.The effect of Ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballersAsian J Sports Med.2011Sep231778510.5812/asjsm.34757328921322375237Search in Google Scholar

Daradkeh TK. Parasuicide during Ramadan in Jordan. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992 Sep;86(3):253-4.DaradkehTK.Parasuicide during Ramadan in JordanActa Psychiatr Scand.1992Sep863253410.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03262.x1414423Search in Google Scholar

Eddahby S, Kadri N, Moussaoui D Fasting during Ramadan is associated with a higher recurrence rate in patients with bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;13(1):97. 10.1002/wps.20113EddahbySKadriNMoussaoui D Fasting during Ramadan is associated with a higher recurrence rate in patients with bipolar disorderWorld Psychiatry2014Feb1319710.1002/wps.20113391803224497261Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Erol A, Baylan G, Yazici F. Do Ramadan fasting restrictions alter eating behaviours? Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2008 Jul; 16(4) :297-301. 10.1002/erv.872.ErolABaylanGYaziciF.Do Ramadan fasting restrictions alter eating behaviours?Eur Eat Disord Rev.2008Jul16429730110.1002/erv.87218444254Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Etemadifar M, Sayahi F, Alroughani R, Toghianifar N, Akbari M, Nasr Z. Effects of prolonged fasting on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2016 Jun;37(6):929-33EtemadifarMSayahiFAlroughaniRToghianifarNAkbariMNasrZ.Effects of prolonged fasting on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosisNeurol Sci.2016Jun3769293310.1007/s10072-016-2518-926994616Search in Google Scholar

Farooq S, Nazar Z, Akhtar J, Irfan M, Subhan F, Ahmed Z, Khan EH, Naeem F. Effect of fasting during Ramadan on serum lithium level and mental state in bipolar affective disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov;25(6):323-7FarooqSNazarZAkhtarJIrfanMSubhanFAhmedZKhanEHNaeemF.Effect of fasting during Ramadan on serum lithium level and mental state in bipolar affective disorderInt Clin Psychopharmacol.2010Nov256323710.1097/YIC.0b013e32833d18b220827213Search in Google Scholar

Fawzi MH, Fawzi MM, Said NS, Fawzi MM, Fouad AA, Abdel-Moety H. Effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and psychopathology status of Egyptian male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Feb 28;225(3):501-8FawziMHFawziMMSaidNSFawziMMFouadAAAbdel-MoetyH.Effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and psychopathology status of Egyptian male patients with schizophreniaPsychiatry Res.2015Feb 282253501810.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.05725529262Search in Google Scholar

Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A. Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Oct 30;209(3):253-8FondGMacgregorALeboyerMMichalsenA.Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literaturePsychiatry Res.2013Oct 302093253810.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.01823332541Search in Google Scholar

Harder-Lauridsen NM, Rosenberg A, Benatti FB, Damm JA, Thomsen C, Mortensen EL, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R. Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28Â d had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean men. Nutrition. 2017 May;37:92-103Harder-LauridsenNMRosenbergABenattiFBDammJAThomsenCMortensenELPedersenBKKrogh-MadsenR.Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28Â d had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean menNutrition2017May;379210310.1016/j.nut.2016.12.01528359370Search in Google Scholar

Kadri N, Tilane A, El Batal M, Taltit Y, Tahiri SM, Moussaoui D. Irritability during the month of Ramadan. Psychosom Med. 2000 Mar-Apr;62(2):280-5.KadriNTilaneAEl BatalMTaltitYTahiriSMMoussaouiD.Irritability during the month of RamadanPsychosom Med.2000Mar-Apr622280510.1097/00006842-200003000-0002110772409Search in Google Scholar

Kadri N, Mouchtaq N, Hakkou F, Moussaoui D Relapses in bipolar patients: changes in social rhythm? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000 Mar;3(1):45-49.KadriNMouchtaqNHakkouFMoussaouiD.Relapses in bipolar patients: changes in social rhythm?Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.2000Mar31454910.1017/S146114579900170411343577Search in Google Scholar

Koushali AN, Hajiamini Z, Ebadi A, Bayat N, Khamseh F. Effect of Ramadan fasting on emotional reactions in nurses. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013 May;18(3):232-6.KoushaliANHajiaminiZEbadiABayatNKhamsehF.Effect of Ramadan fasting on emotional reactions in nursesIran J Nurs Midwifery Res.2013May1832326Search in Google Scholar

Leiper JB, Junge A, Maughan RJ, Zerguini Y, Dvorak J. Alteration of subjective feelings in football players undertaking their usual training and match schedule during the Ramadan fast. J Sports Sci. 2008 Dec;26 Suppl 3:S55-69LeiperJBJungeAMaughanRJZerguiniYDvorakJ.Alteration of subjective feelings in football players undertaking their usual training and match schedule during the Ramadan fastJ Sports Sci.2008Dec263S556910.1080/0264041080253817619085453Search in Google Scholar

Molavi M, Yunus J, Utama NP. The effect of Ramadan fasting on spatial attention through emotional stimuli. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:105-14. 10.2147/PRBM.S100495. eCollection 2016.MolaviMYunusJUtamaNP.The effect of Ramadan fasting on spatial attention through emotional stimuliPsychol Res Behav Manag.201691051410.2147/PRBM.S100495488909827307772Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Nugraha B, Ghashang SK, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in summer time in Germany: A prospective controlled study. Appetite. 2017;111:38-45NugrahaBGhashangSKHamdanIGutenbrunnerC.Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in summer time in Germany: A prospective controlled studyAppetite.2017111384510.1016/j.appet.2016.12.03028027907Search in Google Scholar

Ovayolu A, Ovayolu N, Tasan E. Does Ramadan Fasting Affect Fatigue in Nurses? Holist Nurs Pract. 2016 Jul-Aug;30(4):222-6OvayoluAOvayoluNTasanE.Does Ramadan Fasting Affect Fatigue in Nurses?Holist Nurs Pract.2016Jul-Aug304222610.1097/HNP.000000000000014127223619Search in Google Scholar

Roky R, Chapotot F, Benchekroun MT, Benaji B, Hakkou F, Elkhalifi H, Buguet A. Daytime sleepiness during Ramadan intermittent fasting: polysomnographic and quantitative waking EEG study. J Sleep Res. 2003 Jun;12(2):95-101.RokyRChapototFBenchekrounMTBenajiBHakkouFElkhalifiHBuguetA.Daytime sleepiness during Ramadan intermittent fasting: polysomnographic and quantitative waking EEG studyJ Sleep Res.2003Jun1229510110.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00341.x12753346Search in Google Scholar

Roky R, Iraki L, HajKhlifa R, Lakhdar Ghazal N, Hakkou F. Daytime alertness, mood, psychomotor performances, and oral temperature during Ramadan intermittent fasting. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(3):101-7.RokyRIrakiLHajKhlifaRLakhdar GhazalNHakkouF.Daytime alertness, mood, psychomotor performances, and oral temperature during Ramadan intermittent fastingAnn Nutr Metab.2000443101710.1159/00001283011053895Search in Google Scholar

Savas E, Ozturk ZA, Tanriverdi D, Kepekci Y. Do Ramadan fasting restrictions alter eating behaviours in obese women? J Relig Health. 2014 Feb;53(1):135-40SavasEOzturkZATanriverdiDKepekciY.Do Ramadan fasting restrictions alter eating behaviours in obese women?J Relig Health.2014Feb5311354010.1007/s10943-012-9605-x22576675Search in Google Scholar

Talib RA, Canguven O, Al-Rumaihi K, Al Ansari A, Alani M. The effect of fasting on erectile function and sexual desire on men in the month of Ramadan. Urol J. 2015 Apr 29;12(2):2099-102.TalibRACanguvenOAl-RumaihiKAl AnsariAAlaniM.The effect of fasting on erectile function and sexual desire on men in the month of RamadanUrol J. 2015Apr 291222099102Search in Google Scholar

Waterhouse J, Alkib L, Reilly T. Effects of Ramadan upon fluid and food intake, fatigue, and physical, mental, and social activities: a comparison between the UK and Libya. Chronobiol Int. 2008 Sep;25(5):697-724.WaterhouseJAlkibLReillyT.Effects of Ramadan upon fluid and food intake, fatigue, and physical, mental, and social activities: a comparison between the UK and LibyaChronobiol Int.2008Sep25569772410.1080/0742052080239730118780199Search in Google Scholar