Ukrainian plain oak forests and their natural regeneration

Viktor Tkach; Maksym Rumiantsev; Oleksii Kobets; Volodymyr Luk’yanets; Sergiy Musienko

Open Access

Ukrainian plain oak forests and their natural regeneration

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| Dec 31, 2019

Volume 71 (2019): Issue 1 (December 2019)

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Published Online: Dec 31, 2019

Page range: 17 - 29

Received: Sep 16, 2019

Accepted: Nov 29, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0010

Keywords
common oak, origin, age class, young seedlings, small-sized regeneration, seedling abundance, close-to-nature forestry, sustainable forest management

© 2019 Viktor Tkach et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Distribution of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone by age classes.

Changes in oak proportion in the composition of oak stands in terms of their origin.

Distribution of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone by age groups: numerator – thousand ha, denominator – %.

Origin of oak stands	Age groups (years)

	≤ 40	41–80	81–120	≥ 121	Total
Vegetative	$\frac{1.1}{0.6}$ {{1.1} \over {0.6}}	$\frac{46.6}{28.7}$ {{46.6} \over {28.7}}	$\frac{106.3}{65.3}$ {{106.3} \over {65.3}}	$\frac{8.9}{5.4}$ {{8.9} \over {5.4}}	$\frac{162.9}{100}$ {{162.9} \over {100}}
Natural seed	$\frac{0.2}{1.0}$ {{0.2} \over {1.0}}	$\frac{5.5}{27.6}$ {{5.5} \over {27.6}}	$\frac{11.8}{59.3}$ {{11.8} \over {59.3}}	$\frac{2.4}{12.1}$ {{2.4} \over {12.1}}	$\frac{19.9}{100}$ {{19.9} \over {100}}
Planted seed	$\frac{17.5}{17.3}$ {{17.5} \over {17.3}}	$\frac{76.4}{75.5}$ {{76.4} \over {75.5}}	$\frac{7.3}{7.2}$ {{7.3} \over {7.2}}	$\frac{0.1}{-}$ {{0.1} \over - }	$\frac{101.3}{100}$ {{101.3} \over {100}}
Total	$\frac{18.8}{6.7}$ {{18.8} \over {6.7}}	$\frac{128.4}{45.2}$ {{128.4} \over {45.2}}	$\frac{125.3}{44.1}$ {{125.3} \over {44.1}}	$\frac{11.4}{4.0}$ {{11.4} \over {4.0}}	$\frac{284.1}{100}$ {{284.1} \over {100}}

The age structure of natural regeneration of pedunculate oak and its abundance under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions, and relative densities.

Sample plot number	Total (thousand stems ha⁻¹)	Including variation of natural oak regeneration by age groups (numerator – thousand stems ha⁻¹, denominator – proportion of total number, %)				Abundance (%)
Sample plot number	Total (thousand stems ha⁻¹)	young seedling (up to 1 year)	2–3 years	4–8 years	9–15 years	Abundance (%)
60–100 year-old stands
1–6	1.0–2.6	$\frac{0.1 - 2.4}{10 - 100}$ {{0.1 - 2.4} \over {10 - 100}}	$\frac{0.2 - 0.7}{8 - 50}$ {{0.2 - 0.7} \over {8 - 50}}	$\frac{0.1 - 0.6}{10 - 40}$ {{0.1 - 0.6} \over {10 - 40}}	$\frac{0.1 - 0.3}{10 - 25}$ {{0.1 - 0.3} \over {10 - 25}}	40–50
110–150 year-old stands
7–10	2.8–10.3	$\frac{0.6 - 9.9}{20 - 96}$ {{0.6 - 9.9} \over {20 - 96}}	$\frac{0.4 - 3.3}{4 - 85}$ {{0.4 - 3.3} \over {4 - 85}}	$\frac{0.3 - 0.6}{15 - 30}$ {{0.3 - 0.6} \over {15 - 30}}	$\frac{0.1 - 0.5}{10 - 35}$ {{0.1 - 0.5} \over {10 - 35}}	45–80
160–200 year-old stands
11–15	3.0–11.0	$\frac{0.8 - 10.0}{27 - 91}$ {{0.8 - 10.0} \over {27 - 91}}	$\frac{0.7 - 4.0}{9 - 73}$ {{0.7 - 4.0} \over {9 - 73}}	$\frac{0.4 - 0.9}{14 - 27}$ {{0.4 - 0.9} \over {14 - 27}}	$\frac{0.2 - 1.4}{7 - 36}$ {{0.2 - 1.4} \over {7 - 36}}	60–85

Changes in areas and volumes of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine, in terms of origin, for the period of 2001–2016.

Origin of oak stands	As of 2001		As of 2016		Changes

	Area (thousand ha)	Volume (million m³)	Area (thousand ha)	Volume (million m³)	Area (thousand ha)	Volume (million m³)
Vegetative	173	43.6	163	43.5	−10	−0.1
Natural seed	18	4.8	20	5.7	+2	+0.9
Planted seed	100	17.7	101	21.5	+1	+3.7

Total oak stands	291	66.1	284	70.7	−7	+4.5

The number of natural regeneration of up to 15 years under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions and relative densities of stocking in the dry fertile maple-lime oak forest type in the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine.

Sample plot number	Characteristic of oak stands			The number of natural reproduction including pedunculate oak

	Stand composition	Age (years)	Relative density of stocking	Total	Thousand stems ha⁻¹	%
60–100 year-old stands

1	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	64	0.75	9.1	1.9	20.9
2	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	70	0.60	14.8	2.3	15.5
3	Oak 80%– Lime 10%– N-Maple 10%	83	0.88	11.1	2.6	23.4
4	Oak 60%–N-Maple 20%– Lime 10%–Ash 10%	84	0.61	25.9	1.4	5.4
5	Oak 60%–Lime 30%–Ash 10%	94	0.86	5.9	1.0	16.9
6	Oak 60%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	100	0.66	20.1	–	–

110–150 year-old stands

7	Oak 70%–Ash 20%– Lime 10%	109	0.63	16.0	4.0	25.0
8	Oak 60%– Lime 20%– N-Maple 20%	119	0.62	13.1	2.8	21.4
9	Oak 60%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	134	0.86	16.0	2.8	17.5
10	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	144	0.72	17.4	10.3	59.2

160–200 year-old stands

11	Oak 70%–Ash 20%– N-Maple 10%	158	0.60	34.7	5.3	15.3
12	Oak 70%–Ash 10%–Lime 10%–N-Maple 10%	158	0.62	30.0	11.0	36.7
13	Oak 30%–Ash 30%–Lime 20%–N-Maple 20%	178	0.70	15.5	3.0	19.4
14	Oak 100%	188	0.66	25.0	8.0	32.0
15	Oak 100%	193	0.69	26.8	10.8	40.3

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Ukrainian plain oak forests and their natural regeneration

Article Category: Research paper

Published Online: Dec 31, 2019

Page range: 17 - 29

Received: Sep 16, 2019

Accepted: Nov 29, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0010

Keywords
common oak, origin, age class, young seedlings, small-sized regeneration, seedling abundance, close-to-nature forestry, sustainable forest management

© 2019 Viktor Tkach et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Distribution of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone by age groups: numerator – thousand ha, denominator – %.

The age structure of natural regeneration of pedunculate oak and its abundance under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions, and relative densities.

Changes in areas and volumes of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine, in terms of origin, for the period of 2001–2016.

The number of natural regeneration of up to 15 years under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions and relative densities of stocking in the dry fertile maple-lime oak forest type in the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine.

Ukrainian plain oak forests and their natural regeneration

Article Category: Research paper

Published Online: Dec 31, 2019

Page range: 17 - 29

Received: Sep 16, 2019

Accepted: Nov 29, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0010

Keywordscommon oak, origin, age class, young seedlings, small-sized regeneration, seedling abundance, close-to-nature forestry, sustainable forest management

© 2019 Viktor Tkach et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Distribution of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone by age groups: numerator – thousand ha, denominator – %.

The age structure of natural regeneration of pedunculate oak and its abundance under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions, and relative densities.

Changes in areas and volumes of oak stands within the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine, in terms of origin, for the period of 2001–2016.

The number of natural regeneration of up to 15 years under the canopy of oak stands of different ages, compositions and relative densities of stocking in the dry fertile maple-lime oak forest type in the Left-bank Forest-Steppe zone, Ukraine.

Keywords
common oak, origin, age class, young seedlings, small-sized regeneration, seedling abundance, close-to-nature forestry, sustainable forest management