This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
United States Census Bureau. An Aging World: 2015 Washington: US Government Publishing Office report; 2016.United States Census BureauWashingtonUS Government Publishing Office report2016Search in Google Scholar
Gratton B, Gutmann MP. Emptying the nest: older men in the United States, 1880-2000. Popul Develop Rev 2010;36:331-356.10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00332.xGrattonBGutmannMPEmptying the nest: older men in the United States, 1880-200020103633135620734555Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhai Y, Yi H, Shen W, et al. Association of empty nest with depressive symptom in a Chinese elderly population: a cross-sectional study. J Affect Disorders 2015;187:218-223.10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.031ZhaiYYiHShenWAssociation of empty nest with depressive symptom in a Chinese elderly population: a cross-sectional study201518721822326342917Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Li DM, Chen TY, Li GY. The problem of mental health in the elderly in empty-nest family. Chin J Gerontol 2003;23:405-407 (in Chinese).LiDMChenTYLiGYThe problem of mental health in the elderly in empty-nest family200323405407in ChineseSearch in Google Scholar
Cheng ST, Chan AC, Yu EC. An exploratory study of the effect of mahjong on the cognitive functioning of persons with dementia. Int Geriatr Psych 2006;21:611-617.10.1002/gps.1531ChengSTChanACYuECAn exploratory study of the effect of mahjong on the cognitive functioning of persons with dementia20062161161716779765Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cheng ST, Chow PK, Song YQ, et al. Mental and physical activities delay cognitive decline in older persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;22:63-74.10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.06023582750ChengSTChowPKSongYQMental and physical activities delay cognitive decline in older persons with dementia201422637423582750Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chu-Man L, Chang M, Chu M. Effects of mahjong on the cognitive function of middle-aged and older people. Int J Geriatr Psych 2015;30:995-997.10.1002/gps.4307Chu-ManLChangMChuMEffects of mahjong on the cognitive function of middle-aged and older people20153099599726220879Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gao L, Zhang L, Qi H, Petridis L. Middle-aged female depression in perimenopausal period and square dance intervention. Psychiatr Danub 2016;28:372-378.27855428GaoLZhangLQiHPetridisLMiddle-aged female depression in perimenopausal period and square dance intervention20162837237810.1080/10400419.2016.1195616Search in Google Scholar
Zhang XA, Ni XM, Liu F. Study about effects of square dancing on the cognitive function and emotion of the aged. Chin Foreign Med Res 2012;10:4-5.ZhangXANiXMLiuFStudy about effects of square dancing on the cognitive function and emotion of the aged20121045Search in Google Scholar
Sheila J, David RB. Cultural dance: an opportunity to encourage physical activity and health in communities. Am J Health Educ 2001;32:4, 216-222.10.1080/19325037.2001.10603469SheilaJDavidRBCultural dance: an opportunity to encourage physical activity and health in communities2001324216222Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Guthrie J. Empty nest or revolving door? A prospective study of women’s quality of life in midlife during the phase of children leaving and re-entering the home. Psychol Med 2002;32:545-550.10.1017/S0033291701004810DennersteinLDudleyEGuthrieJEmpty nest or revolving door? A prospective study of women’s quality of life in midlife during the phase of children leaving and re-entering the home200232545550Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fahrenberg B. Coping with the empty nest situation as a developmental task for the aging female-an analysis of the literature. Z Gerontol 1986;19:323-335 (in German).3544552FahrenbergBCoping with the empty nest situation as a developmental task for the aging female-an analysis of the literature198619323335in GermanSearch in Google Scholar
Jakobsson U, Hallberg IR. Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005;17:494-501.1648586810.1007/BF03327417JakobssonUHallbergIRLoneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective20051749450116485868Search in Google Scholar
Helmer C, Montagnier D, Pérès K. Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors of depression in the elderly. Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil 2004;2 Suppl 1:S7-S12.15899639HelmerCMontagnierDPérèsKDescriptive epidemiology and risk factors of depression in the elderly200421S7S12Search in Google Scholar
Lépine JP, Bouchez S. Epidemiology of depression in the elderly. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;13 Suppl 5:S7-S12.LépineJPBouchezSEpidemiology of depression in the elderly1998135S7S1210.1097/00004850-199809005-000039817614Search in Google Scholar
Smith K. Mental health: a world of depression. Nature 2014; 515:181.25391942SmithKMental health: a world of depression201451518110.1038/515180a25391942Search in Google Scholar
Reitzn C, Mayeux R. Alzheimer disease: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors and biomarkers. Biochem Pharmacol 2014;88:640-651.2439842510.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.024ReitznCMayeuxRAlzheimer disease: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors and biomarkers201488640651399226124398425Search in Google Scholar
Santana I, Farinha F, Freitas S, Rodrigues V, Carvalho Å. The epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer disease in Portugal: estimations of prevalence and treatment-costs. Acta Med Port 2015;28:182-188 (in Portuguese).26061508SantanaIFarinhaFFreitasSRodriguesVCarvalhoÅThe epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer disease in Portugal: estimations of prevalence and treatment-costs201528182188in Portuguese10.20344/amp.6025Search in Google Scholar
Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci 2003;14:125-130.1266167310.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430ColcombeSKramerAFFitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study20031412513012661673Search in Google Scholar
Hilal S, Tan CS, Xin S, Amin SM, et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in Malays - epidemiology of dementia in Singapore study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015;14:620-627.HilalSTanCSXinSAminSMPrevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in Malays - epidemiology of dementia in Singapore study20151462062710.2174/156720501266615100212381326428410Search in Google Scholar
Gao L, Cao X, Zhang M. The study on community health education of empty nest elderly. Engineering 2013;05:137-139.10.4236/eng.2013.510B028GaoLCaoXZhangMThe study on community health education of empty nest elderly201305137139Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lyu XL, Jiang YH, Sun YH, et al. Short form 36-Item Health Survey test result on the empty nest elderly in China: a meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriat 2013;56:291-297.10.1016/j.archger.2012.10.011LyuXLJiangYHSunYHShort form 36-Item Health Survey test result on the empty nest elderly in China: a meta-analysis20135629129723182316Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Liu LJ, Guo Q. Life satisfaction in a sample of empty-nest elderly: a survey in the rural area of a mountainous county in China. Qual Life Res 2008;17:823-830.10.1007/s11136-008-9370-1LiuLJGuoQLife satisfaction in a sample of empty-nest elderly: a survey in the rural area of a mountainous county in China20081782383018595006Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Feng L, Li P, Lu C, et al. Burden and correlates of geriatric depression in the Uyghur elderly population, observation from Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 2014;9:114-139.FengLLiPLuCBurden and correlates of geriatric depression in the Uyghur elderly population, observation from Xinjiang, China2014911413910.1371/journal.pone.0114139425008925437860Search in Google Scholar
Ma Y, Fu H, Wang JJ, et al. Study on the prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms among ‘empty-nest’ and ‘non-empty-nest’ elderly in four provinces and cities in China. Chin J Epidemiol 2012;33:478-482 (in Chinese).MaYFuHWangJJStudy on the prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms among ‘empty-nest’ and ‘non-empty-nest’ elderly in four provinces and cities in China201233478482in ChineseSearch in Google Scholar
Su D, Wu XN, Zhang YX, et al. Depression and social support between China’ rural and urban empty-nest elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriat 2012;55:564-569.10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.006SuDWuXNZhangYXDepression and social support between China’ rural and urban empty-nest elderly20125556456922776885Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tong HM, Lai DW, Zeng Q, Xu WY. Effects of social exclusion on depressive symptoms: elderly Chinese living alone in Shanghai, China. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2011;26:349-364.2181474110.1007/s10823-011-9150-1TongHMLaiDWZengQXuWYEffects of social exclusion on depressive symptoms: elderly Chinese living alone in Shanghai, China201126349364Search in Google Scholar
Wang Z, Shu D, Dong B, Luo L, Hao Q. Anxiety disorders and its risk factors among the Sichuan empty-nest older adults: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriat 2013;56:298-302.10.1016/j.archger.2012.08.016WangZShuDDongBLuoLHaoQAnxiety disorders and its risk factors among the Sichuan empty-nest older adults: a cross-sectional study201356298302Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Xie LQ, Zhang JP, Peng F, Jiao NN. Prevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of Yong-Zhou, China. Arch Gerontol Geriat 2010;50:24-29.10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.003XieLQZhangJPPengFJiaoNNPrevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of Yong-Zhou, China2010502429Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhang JP, Huang HS, Ye M, Zeng H. Factors influencing the subjective well being (SWB) in a sample of older adults in an economically depressed area of China. Arch Gerontol Geriat 2008;46:335-347.10.1016/j.archger.2007.05.006ZhangJPHuangHSYeMZengHFactors influencing the subjective well being (SWB) in a sample of older adults in an economically depressed area of China200846335347Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cheng P, Jin Y, Sun H, et al. Disparities in prevalence and risk indicators of loneliness between rural empty nest and non-empty nest older adults in Chizhou, China. Geriat Gerontol Int 2015:15:356-364.10.1111/ggi.12277ChengPJinYSunHDisparities in prevalence and risk indicators of loneliness between rural empty nest and non-empty nest older adults in Chizhou, China201515356364Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Liu LJ, Guo Q. Loneliness and health-related quality of life for the empty nest elderly in the rural area of a mountainous county in China. Qual Life Res 2007;16:1275-1280.10.1007/s11136-007-9250-017703375LiuLJGuoQLoneliness and health-related quality of life for the empty nest elderly in the rural area of a mountainous county in China20071612751280Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wu ZQ, Sun L, Sun YH, Zhang XJ, Tao FB, Cui GH. Correlation between loneliness and social relationship among empty nest elderly in Anhui rural area, China. Aging Ment Health 2010;14:108-112.10.1080/1360786090322879620155527WuZQSunLSunYHZhangXJTaoFBCuiGHCorrelation between loneliness and social relationship among empty nest elderly in Anhui rural area, China201014108112Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chan KY, Wang W, Wu JJ, et al. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990–2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet 2013; 381: 2016–2023.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60221-423746902ChanKYWangWWuJJEpidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990–2010: a systematic review and analysis201338120162023Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dong MJ, Peng B, Lin XT, Zhao J, Zhou YR, Wang RH. The prevalence of dementia in the People’s Republic of China: a systematic analysis of 1980-2004 studies. Age Ageing 2007;36:619-624.1796503610.1093/ageing/afm128DongMJPengBLinXTZhaoJZhouYRWangRHThe prevalence of dementia in the People’s Republic of China: a systematic analysis of 1980-2004 studies20073661962417965036Search in Google Scholar
Hua YU, Jin Y. Qol of immediate family members of senile dementia patients and its influencing factors. Chin General Pract 2013;16:171-175 (in Chinese).HuaYUJinYQol of immediate family members of senile dementia patients and its influencing factors201316171175in ChineseSearch in Google Scholar
Gaon YL, Wei YB, Shen YD, Tang YY, Yang JR. China’s empty nest elderly need better care. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62:1821-1822.2524370310.1111/jgs.12997GaonYLWeiYBShenYDTangYYYangJRChina’s empty nest elderly need better care2014621821182225243703Search in Google Scholar
Boot WR, Kramer AF, Simons DJ, Fabiani M, Gratton G. The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2008;129:387-398.10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.00518929349BootWRKramerAFSimonsDJFabianiMGrattonGThe effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control200812938739818929349Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hardy JL, Nelson RA, Thomason ME, et al. Enhancing cognitive abilities with comprehensive training: a large, online, randomized, active-controlled trial. PLoS One 2015;10:e134467.HardyJLNelsonRAThomasonMEEnhancing cognitive abilities with comprehensive training: a large, online, randomized, active-controlled trial201510e13446710.1371/journal.pone.0134467455799926333022Search in Google Scholar
Fung AW, Lam LC. Spiritual activity is associated with better cognitive function in old age. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 2013;23:102-108.24088403FungAWLamLCSpiritual activity is associated with better cognitive function in old age201323102108Search in Google Scholar
Schott G, Hodgetts D. Health and digital gaming: the benefits of a community of practice. J Health Psychol 2006;11:309-316.1646492710.1177/1359105306061189SchottGHodgettsDHealth and digital gaming: the benefits of a community of practice20061130931616464927Search in Google Scholar
Slagter HA, Lutz A, Greischar LL, et al. Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biol 2007;5:e138.1748818510.1371/journal.pbio.0050138SlagterHALutzAGreischarLLMental training affects distribution of limited brain resources20075e138186556517488185Search in Google Scholar
Fox KR. The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutr 1999;2:411-418.1061008110.1017/S1368980099000567FoxKRThe influence of physical activity on mental well-being19992411418Search in Google Scholar
Lee Y. The predictive value of self assessed general, physical, and mental health on functional decline and mortality in older adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:123-129.10.1136/jech.54.2.12310715745LeeYThe predictive value of self assessed general, physical, and mental health on functional decline and mortality in older adults200054123129173162310715745Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Alpert PT. The health benefits of dance. Home Health Care Manag Pract 2011; 23:155-157.10.1177/1084822310384689AlpertPTThe health benefits of dance201123155157Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bremer Z. Dance as a form of exercise. Br J General Pract 2007;57:166.BremerZDance as a form of exercise200757166Search in Google Scholar
Verghese J, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, et al. Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2508-2516.1281513610.1056/NEJMoa022252VergheseJLiptonRBKatzMJLeisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly20033482508251612815136Search in Google Scholar
Klusmann V, Evers A, Schwarzer R, et al. Complex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010;65:680-688.20418350KlusmannVEversASchwarzerRComplex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: a 6-month randomized controlled trial20106568068810.1093/gerona/glq05320418350Search in Google Scholar
Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn Sci 2007;11:342-348.1762954510.1016/j.tics.2007.06.009KramerAFEricksonKICapitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function20071134234817629545Search in Google Scholar
Salthouse TA. Mental exercise and mental aging: evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis. Perspect Psychol Sci 2006;1:68-87.10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00005.xSalthouseTAMental exercise and mental aging: evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis20061688726151186Open DOISearch in Google Scholar