<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_fon-2019-0001_s_006_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1aab1c18b1Aa"><h3>Objective</h3><p>Relaxation technique is a nonpharmacological treatment applied to increase sleep efficiency and the quality of sleep. Hydrotherapy is one of the relaxation techniques and uses warm water to decrease stress and muscle stiffness, as well as to warm the body. The incidence of sleep deficiency among older people in Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, has slightly increased year by year. This research aims to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deprivation among older people.</p></sec><sec id="j_fon-2019-0001_s_007_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1aab1c18b2Aa"><h3>Methods</h3><p>The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre–post test design. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 66 older people from the Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as a sample, and we divided them into two groups: 33 people formed the intervention group, and 33 people comprised the control group. The intervention group did hydrotherapy once a day for a total of 7 days. First, they soaked their feet in warm water for 10 minutes. The water temperature was adjusted according to the body temperature, to approximately 40.0°C–43.0°C. Then, the intervention group took a bath using warm water. The level of sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Wilcoxon test.</p></sec><sec id="j_fon-2019-0001_s_008_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1aab1c18b3Aa"><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean score for sleep quality in the pretest in the intervention group was 9.04 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.57) and the score on the posttest was 42 (SD: 1.43). The mean score for sleep quality in the intervention group was 4.67, with <italic>P</italic>=0.05. Meanwhile, the research found that the difference between the pretest and posttest scores for quality of sleep in the control group was 0.42, with <italic>P</italic>=0.059. Wilcoxon analysis found that in the intervention group, there was a significant difference after intervention using hydrotherapy, with <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05. In the control group, there was no significance difference between the pretest and posttest scores, with <italic>P</italic>>0.05.</p></sec><sec id="j_fon-2019-0001_s_009_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1aab1c18b4Aa"><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>According to the results of the present study, it appears that the practice of hydrotherapy is effective in reducing sleep deficiency and hence can be considered an effective method of intervention.</p></sec></abstract>

ObjectiveRelaxation technique is a nonpharmacological treatment applied to increase sleep efficiency and the quality of sleep. Hydrotherapy is one of the relaxation techniques and uses warm water to decrease stress and muscle stiffness, as well as to warm the body. The incidence of sleep deficiency among older people in Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, has slightly increased year by year. This research aims to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deprivation among older people.MethodsThe research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre–post test design. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 66 older people from the Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as a sample, and we divided them into two groups: 33 people formed the intervention group, and 33 people comprised the control group. The intervention group did hydrotherapy once a day for a total of 7 days. First, they soaked their feet in warm water for 10 minutes. The water temperature was adjusted according to the body temperature, to approximately 40.0°C–43.0°C. Then, the intervention group took a bath using warm water. The level of sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Wilcoxon test.ResultsThe mean score for sleep quality in the pretest in the intervention group was 9.04 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.57) and the score on the posttest was 42 (SD: 1.43). The mean score for sleep quality in the intervention group was 4.67, with P=0.05. Meanwhile, the research found that the difference between the pretest and posttest scores for quality of sleep in the control group was 0.42, with P=0.059. Wilcoxon analysis found that in the intervention group, there was a significant difference after intervention using hydrotherapy, with P<0.05. In the control group, there was no significance difference between the pretest and posttest scores, with P>0.05.ConclusionsAccording to the results of the present study, it appears that the practice of hydrotherapy is effective in reducing sleep deficiency and hence can be considered an effective method of intervention.

Effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deficiency among older people in integrated community health services in Pandak I Bantul

Frontiers of Nursing

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

ObjectiveRelaxation technique is a nonpharmacological treatment applied to increase sleep efficiency and the quality of sleep. Hydrotherapy is one of the relaxation techniques and uses warm water to decrease stress and muscle stiffness, as well as to warm the body. The incidence of sleep deficiency among older people in Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, has slightly increased year by year. This research aims to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deprivation among older people.MethodsThe research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre–post test design. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 66 older people from the Integrated Community Health Services, Pandak I Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as a sample, and we divided them into two groups: 33 people formed the intervention group, and 33 people comprised the control group. The intervention group did hydrotherapy once a day for a total of 7 days. First, they soaked their feet in warm water for 10 minutes. The water temperature was adjusted according to the body temperature, to approximately 40.0°C–43.0°C. Then, the intervention group took a bath using warm water. The level of sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Wilcoxon test.ResultsThe mean score for sleep quality in the pretest in the intervention group was 9.04 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.57) and the score on the posttest was 42 (SD: 1.43). The mean score for sleep quality in the intervention group was 4.67, with P=0.05. Meanwhile, the research found that the difference between the pretest and posttest scores for quality of sleep in the control group was 0.42, with P=0.059. Wilcoxon analysis found that in the intervention group, there was a significant difference after intervention using hydrotherapy, with P0.05.ConclusionsAccording to the results of the present study, it appears that the practice of hydrotherapy is effective in reducing sleep deficiency and hence can be considered an effective method of intervention.

ObjectiveRelaxation technique is a nonpharmacological treatment applied to increase sleep efficiency and the quality of sleep. Hydrotherapy is one of the...

	Mean	SD	Difference		P
			Mean	SD

Intervention group
Pretest	9.09	2.57	4.67	1.14	0.000
Posttest	4.42	1.43
Control group
Pretest	7.51	2.00	0.42	0.48	0.059
Posttest	7.09	1.62

Sleep quality index	Mean	SD	Min–max

K1: Subjective sleep quality
Pretest	1.39	0.49	1–2
Posttest	1.00	0.35	0–2
K2: Sleep latency
Pretest	2.66	0.64	1–3
Posttest	0.75	0.75	0–3
K3: Duration of sleep
Pretest	0.93	0.78	0–2
Posttest	0,54	0.61	0–2
K4: Sleep efficiency
Pretest	0.63	0.69	0–2
Posttest	0.03	0.17	0–1
K5: Sleep disturbance
Pretest	1.72	0.62	1–3
Posttest	1.30	0,58	0–2
K6: Use of medicines
Pretest	0.39	0.74	0–2
Posttest	0.00	0.00	0–0
K7: Daytime sleepiness
Pretest	1.33	0.64	0–3
Posttest	0.78	0.82	0–2

Sleep quality index	Mean	SD	Min–max

Intervention group
Pretest	9.09	2.57	6–15
Posttest	4.42	1.43	2–8
Control group
Pretest	7.51	2.00	6–14
Posttest	7.09	1.62	4–11

Sleep quality index	Mean	SD	Min–max

K1: Subjective sleep quality
Pretest	1.15	0.44	0–2
Posttest	1.12	0.41	0–2
K2: Sleep latency
Pretest	1.30	0.88	0–3
Posttest	0.93	0.74	0–3
K3: Duration of sleep
Pretest	1.21	0.89	0–3
Posttest	1.21	0.81	0–3
K4: Sleep efficiency
Pretest	1.00	0.86	0–3
Posttest	1.03	0.88	0–3
K5: Sleep disturbance
Pretest	1.36	0.54	0–2
Posttest	1.30	0.58	0–2
K6: Use of medicines
Pretest	0.42	0.50	0–1
Posttest	0.42	0.50	0–1
K7: Daytime sleepiness
Pretest	1.00	0.82	0–2
Posttest	0.93	0.78	0–2

Effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deficiency among older people in integrated community health services in Pandak I Bantul

Article Category: Original article

Published Online: May 20, 2019

Page range: 67 - 70

Received: Feb 04, 2018

Accepted: May 10, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2019-0001

Keywords
hydrotherapy, sleep deficiency, older people, nursing, nursing research literature

© 2019 Agus Warseno and Anastasia Suci Sukmawati, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

The effect of hydrotherapy on sleep quality in the intervention and control groups (pre–post test design) (n=33).

Sleep quality in the intervention group (n=33).

Pretest and posttest sleep quality indexes in the intervention and control groups (n=33).

Sleep quality in the control group (n=33).

Effect of hydrotherapy on sleep deficiency among older people in integrated community health services in Pandak I Bantul

Article Category: Original article

Published Online: May 20, 2019

Page range: 67 - 70

Received: Feb 04, 2018

Accepted: May 10, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2019-0001

Keywordshydrotherapy, sleep deficiency, older people, nursing, nursing research literature

© 2019 Agus Warseno and Anastasia Suci Sukmawati, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

The effect of hydrotherapy on sleep quality in the intervention and control groups (pre–post test design) (n=33).

Sleep quality in the intervention group (n=33).

Pretest and posttest sleep quality indexes in the intervention and control groups (n=33).

Sleep quality in the control group (n=33).

Keywords
hydrotherapy, sleep deficiency, older people, nursing, nursing research literature