Identification of the profile of endogenous cytokinin-like compounds during different plant growth stages and their effects on flower bud abscission in pistachio ( L.)

Muhammet Ali Gundesli; Salih Kafkas; Murat Guney; Nesibe Ebru Kafkas

Open Access

Identification of the profile of endogenous cytokinin-like compounds during different plant growth stages and their effects on flower bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Muhammet Ali Gundesli

and

| Apr 18, 2020

Volume 32 (2020): Issue 1 (June 2020)

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Cite

Published Online: Apr 18, 2020

Page range: 21 - 35

Received: Sep 24, 2019

Accepted: Nov 20, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0003

Keywords
alternate bearing, cytokinin-like compounds, L

© 2020 Muhammet Ali Gundesli et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

A view of the research pistachio orchard.

Appearance of the plant material used in the research.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the shoots of ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. Percentages were calculated using the formula: each CK compound content × 100/total CK content. DAFB, days after full blooming.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the leaves of ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanation, see Figure 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the flower buds of ‘On’ and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanations, see Figure 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the panicles of only ‘On’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanation, see Figure 3.

The main CK-like compounds detected in the nuts of only ‘On’-year pistachio trees as a percentage of the total CK content. For explanation, see Figure 3.

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the nuts in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Nuts CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW) ‘On’ year

	35 DAFB	45 DAFB	55 DAFB	65 DAFB	Period average	D%5 periods × ‘On’ year
t-ZOG	161.87^a ± 8.09	56.55^c ± 3.13	52.41^c ± 2.38	74.51^b ± 3.75	86.34	9.13^**
c-ZOG	2.42^b ± 0.14	2.38^b±0.12	1.56^c ± 0.07	3.22^a ± 0.19	2.65	0.25^**
t-Z	<LOD	<LOD	nd	nd
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-ZR	184.85^a ± 9.24	32.90^b ± 1.82	24.18^bc ± 1.09	21.51^c ± 1.20	65.86	8.97^**
c-ZR	1.81^a ± 0.10	1.85^a ± 0.11	1.45^b ± 0.07	1.38^b ± 0.06	1.62	0.14^**
Total Z type	350.95	93.68	79.6	100.62
DHZ	3.04^a ± 0.14	2.80^b ± 0.15	1.90^c ± 0.10	1.17^d ± 0.06	2.22	0.20^**
DHZR	24.95^a ± 1.25	7.23^b ± 0.40	7.18^b ± 0.32	5.83^c ± 0.30	11.29	1.28^**
Total DHZ type	27.99	10.03	9.08	7
iP	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
iPR	3.04^a ± 0.15	1.67^bc ± 0.07	1.86^b ± 0.11	1.63^c ± 0.19	2.05	0.19^**
Total iP type	3.04	1.67	1.86	1.63
Total isoprenoid CKs	381.98	105.38	90.54	109.25

Sampling dates for analyses of CK-like compounds

	Plant parts

	Shoots, leaves, flower buds, panicles and nuts
Physiological periods	35 DAFB	15 May 2015
	45 DAFB	25 May 2015
	55 DAFB	04 June 2015
	65 DAFB	14 June 2015

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the shoots in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Isoprenoid CKs	Shoots CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW)

	35 DAFB		45 DAFB		55 DAFB		65 DAFB

	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’
iP	3.09^a ± 0.14	2.20^b ± 0.10	5.01 ± 0.28	4.95 ± 0.25	2.14^a ± 0.11	7.19^b ± 0.30	6.94^a ± 0.35	13.63^b ± 0.60
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.25^**		0.58		0.52^**		1.13^**
iPR	58.50 ± 2.63	54.70 ± 2.46	111.58^a ± 6.15	82.02^b± 4.10	42.51^b ± 2.13	65.14 ^a ± 2.95	25.33^b ± 1.21	49.53^a ± 2.28
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	5.75		11.82^**		5.76^**		4.07^**
Total iP type	61.59	56.90	116.59	86.97	44.65	72.33	32.27	63.16
t-Z	1.27 ± 0.05	1.16 ± 0.04	1.18 ± 0.02	1.03 ± 0.05	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
D%5 ‘On’ ×‘Off’ year	0.13		0.09		–		–
t-ZR	25.09^b ± 1.13	30.81^a ± 1.33	13.35^a±0.70	7.11^b ± 0.36	12.69^a ± 0.60	8.83^b ± 0.38	5.18^a ± 0.25	3.07^b ± 0.13
	2.86^**		1.30^**		1.19^**		0.44^**
t-ZOG	24.58^a ± 1.10	32.24^b ± 1.45	16.67^a ± 0.92	15.34^b ± 0.77	15.83^b ± 0.69	17.06 ^a ± 0.77	9.60^b ± 0.45	20.85^a ± 0.91
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	2.91^**		1.92		1.74		1.68^**
c-ZR	3.13^b ± 0.12	3.42^a ± 0.15	4.44 ± 0.20	4.52± 0.21	2.01^b ± 0.09	2.28 ^a ± 0.15	1.96^a ± 0.10	1.50^b ± 0.06
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.27^**		0.52		0.22^**		0.16^**
c-Z	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD
c-ZOG	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD	nd
Total Z type	54.07	67.63	35.64	26.97	31.81	28.17	16.74	25.42
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
DHZR	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ type	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CKs	115.66	124.53	152.23	113.94	76.46	100.5	49.01	88.58

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the leaves in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Isoprenoid CK s	Leaves CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW)

	35 DAFB		45 DAFB		55 DAFB		65 DAFB

	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’
iP	21.85^b ± 0.98	27.55^a ± 1.24	22.89^a ± 1.03	12.85 ^b ± 0.58	12.72^a±0.51	7.66 ^b ± 0.34	22.39^a ± 1.01	16.09^b ± 0.70
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	2.52^**		1.88 ^**		0.99^**		1.97^**
iPR	18.95 ± 0.80	21.78 ± 0.99	35.34 ± 1.51	20.54 ± 0.92	42.75 ± 1.70	23.08 ± 1.05	24.32 ± 1.10	23.52 ± 1.04
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	2.07^**		2.93^**		3.19^**		2.43
Total iP type	40.8	49.33	58.23	33.39	55.47	30.74	46.71	39.61
t-Z	<LOD	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-ZR	3.52 ± 0.16	1.98 ± 0.08	1.70 ± 0.06	2.01 ± 0.09	1.23 ± 0.06	1.22 ± 0.05	1.06 ± 0.04	1.13 ± 0.04
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.27^**		0.16^**		0.11		0.09
c-ZR	1.29 ± 0.07	1.19 ± 0.05	1.20^a ± 0.06	1.07 ^b ± 0.04	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.12		0.11^**		–		–
t-ZOG	5.12^a ± 0.23	4.37 ^b ± 0.20	3.17^b ± 0.14	6.08^a ± 0.27	2.05 ± 0.10	2.00 ± 0.8	6.66^a ± 0.30	5.07^b ± 0.22
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.41^**		0.47^**		0.19		0.60^**
c-ZOG	nd	nd	<LOD	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd
Total Z type	9.93	7.54	6.07	9.16	3.28	3.22	7.72	6.20
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
DHZR	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ-type	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CKs	50.73	56.87	64.3	42.55	58.75	33.96	54.43	45.81

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the flower buds in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Isoprenoid CKs	Flower buds CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW)

	35 DAFB		45 DAFB		55 DAFB		65 DAFB

	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’	‘Off’	‘On’
iP	2.02 ± 0.10	1.11 ± 0.06	4.01^a ± 0.18	2.90^b ± 0.13	3.06^b ± 0.11	6.60^a ± 0.30	15.76^a ± 0.61	12.47^b ± 0.50
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.17		0.33^**		0.52^**		1.27^**
iPR	14.82^a ± 0.67	12.41^b± 0.62	26.18^b ± 1.14	30.19^a ± 1.36	18.74^b ± 0.66	37.13^a ± 1.65	56.60 ± 2.20	53.86 ± 2.10
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	1.44^**		2.85^**		2.99^**		4.98
Total iP type	16.84^a	13.52^b	30.19^b	33.09^a	21.8^b	43.73^a	72.36^a	66.33^b
t-ZOG	6.46 ± 0.29	7.63 ± 0.38	4.26 ± 0.20	7.15 ± 0.22	3.24 ± 0.17	4.54± 0.24	2.12 ± 0.08	3.98 ± 0.18
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.74^**		0.58^**		0.38^**		0.27^**
c-ZOG	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-Z	<LOD	nd	nd	<LOD	nd	nd	nd	nd
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
t-ZR	5.20 ± 0.18	5.26 ± 0.25	1.95^b ± 0.11	2.59^a ± 0.13	3.02^a ± 0.18	2.06^b ± 0.08	3.15^b ± 0.14	3.76^a ± 0.20
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.50		0.22^**		0.25^**		0.33^**
c-ZR	1.53 ± 0.07	1.62 ± 0.09	1.61^b ± 0.08	2.34^a ± 0.11	1.18^b ± 0.05	1.65^a ± 0.14	1.23^b ± 0.06	3.87^a ± 0.15
D%5 ‘On’ × ‘Off’ year	0.16		0.19^**		0.13^**		0.24^**
Total Z-type	13.19	14.51	7.82	12.08	7.44	8.25	6.5	12.75
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
DHZR	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ type	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CK s	30.03	28.03	38.01	45.17	29.24	51.98	78.86	79.08

Climate data for the Gaziantep Province of Turkey for 2015

Months	Average monthly temperature (°C)	Monthly maximum temperature (°C)	Monthly minimum temperature (°C)	Monthly relative humidity (%)	Average monthly rainfall (mm)
January	3.8	16.1	−6.0	72.3	105.8
February	5.3	15.5	−1.7	78.3	174.4
March	9.0	22.3	−0.1	64.5	95.4
April	12.6	27.5	3.8	55.4	33.1
May	19.7	33.3	8.7	44.9	35.5
June	23.7	33.5	13.7	41.7	1.1
July	29.3	40.7	19.2	30.1	11.3
August	28.8	39.6	18.4	35.8	5.3
September	26.8	38.6	16.3	32.8	11.2
October	18.4	29.9	9.7	58.3	54.6
November	11.1	22.4	2.2	51.7	21.8
December	6.4	18.8	−1.3	50.9	51.2

Annual	16.2	40.7	−6.0	51.4	589.5

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the panicles in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Panicles CK content (ng · g⁻¹ DW) ‘On’ year

	35 DAFB	45 DAFB	55 DAFB	65 DAFB	Period average	D%5 periods × ‘On’ year
iP	3.27^c ± 0.19	7.69^b ± 0.26	7.88^b ± 0.18	13.34^a ± 0.21	8.05	0.71^**
iPR	60.47^c ± 0.30	105.31^a ± 1.01	78.78^b ± 0.28	58.36^c ± 0.20	75.73	6.09^**
Total iP type	63.74	113	86.66	71.7
t-ZOG	29.22^a ± 1.31	6.53^b ± 0.26	6.95^b ± 0.29	6.99^b ± 0.33	12.42	1.31^**
c-ZOG	2.27^c ± 0.10	2.51^b ± 0.18	2.38^bc ± 0.09	2.76^a ± 0.17		0.18^**
t-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd		–
c-Z	nd	nd	nd	nd		–
t-ZR	12.24^a ± 0.55	3.90^b ± 0.21	2.99^c ± 0.13	2.06^d ± 0.09	2.48	0.55^**
c-ZR	5.44^a ± 0.25	4.20^b ± 0.19	4.00^b ± 0.16	1.66^c ± 0.07	3.82	0.32^**
Total Z type	50.27	17.14	16.32	13.47
DHZ	nd	nd	nd	nd		–
DHZR	1.10 ± 0.05	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total DHZ type	1.10	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD
Total isoprenoid CKs	114.01	130.14	102.98	85.17

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Identification of the profile of endogenous cytokinin-like compounds during different plant growth stages and their effects on flower bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Apr 18, 2020

Page range: 21 - 35

Received: Sep 24, 2019

Accepted: Nov 20, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0003

Keywords
alternate bearing, cytokinin-like compounds, L

© 2020 Muhammet Ali Gundesli et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the nuts in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Sampling dates for analyses of CK-like compounds

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the shoots in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the leaves in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the flower buds in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Climate data for the Gaziantep Province of Turkey for 2015

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the panicles in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Identification of the profile of endogenous cytokinin-like compounds during different plant growth stages and their effects on flower bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Apr 18, 2020

Page range: 21 - 35

Received: Sep 24, 2019

Accepted: Nov 20, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0003

Keywordsalternate bearing, cytokinin-like compounds, L

© 2020 Muhammet Ali Gundesli et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the nuts in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Sampling dates for analyses of CK-like compounds

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the shoots in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the leaves in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the flower buds in different physiological periods in ‘On’- and ‘Off’-year pistachio trees

Climate data for the Gaziantep Province of Turkey for 2015

Concentrations of CK-like compounds in the panicles in different physiological periods in only ‘On’-year pistachio trees

Keywords
alternate bearing, cytokinin-like compounds, L