Comparison of methods for detecting fungi in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. seeds

Agarval V.K., Sinclair J.B., 1987. Principles of seed pathology. Vol. II. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA.Search in Google Scholar

Arroyo-Manzanares N., Garcia-Campaña A.M., Gámiz- Gracia L., 2013. Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in Silybum marianum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a procedure based on QuEChERS and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 1282: 11-19. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/23415469; cited on 25.08.2013.10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.07223415469Search in Google Scholar

Aziz N.H., Youssef Y.A., El-Fouly M.Z., Moussa L.A., 1998. Contamination of some common medicinal plant samples and spices by fungi and their mycotoxins. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 39: 279-285.Search in Google Scholar

Cwalina-Ambroziak B., Wierzbowska J., Damszel M., Bowszys T., 2012. The effect of mineral fertilization on achenes yield and fungal communities isolated from the stems of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 11(4): 157-168.Search in Google Scholar

Ellis M.B., 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.10.1079/9780851986180.0000Search in Google Scholar

Ellis M.B., 1976. More dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.10.1079/9780851983653.0000Search in Google Scholar

Falleiro B.A.S., Almeida P.B.A., Cautinho W.M., Suassuna N.D., Kobayasti L., 2010. Use of osmotic solutions for inhibition of sunflower seed germination in blotter test. Trop. Plant Pathol. 35(6): 343-350. Available online at http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tpp/v35n6/a02v35n6.pdf; cited on 25.08.2013.10.1590/S1982-56762010000600002Search in Google Scholar

Ghavani N., Ramin A.A., 2007. Salinity and temperature effects on seed germination of milk thistle. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 38: 2681-2691.10.1080/00103620701662901Search in Google Scholar

ISTA, 2012. International Rules for Seed Testing. Annexe to Chapter 7 Seed Health Testing, Seed Health Testing Methods. The International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland.Search in Google Scholar

Kędzia B., 2000. Drogi zanieczyszczenia surowców zielarskich drobnoustrojami. Herba Polonica 56(1): 35-51. (In Polish) Logrieco A., Moretti A., Solfrizzo M., 2009. Alternaria toxins and plant diseases: an overview of origin, occurrence and risks. World Mycotoxin J. 2(2): 129-140.10.3920/WMJ2009.1145Search in Google Scholar

Machado J.C., Cautinho W.M., Guimarães R.M., Vieira M.G.G.C., Ferreira D.F., 2008. Use of osmotic solutes to control seed germination of rice and common bean in seed health blotter tests. Seed Sci. Technol. 36(1): 66-75.10.15258/sst.2008.36.1.07Search in Google Scholar

Machado J.C., Guimaraes R.M., Vieira M.G.G.C., Souza R.M., Pozza E.A., 2004. Use of water restriction technique in seed pathology. Seed Testing International 128: 14-18.Search in Google Scholar

Machado J.C., Oliveira J.A., Vieira M.G.G.C., Alves M.C., 2003. Control of soybean seed germination in seed health tests using water restriction technique. Rev. Bras. Sementes 25(2): 77-81. Available online at http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbs/v25n2/19652.pdf; cited on 25.08.2013. (In Portuguese) 10.1590/S0101-31222003000400011Search in Google Scholar

Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zimowska B., 2000. Grzyby przenoszone przez materiał siewny roślin zielarskich. Acta Agrobot. 53(2): 25-38. (In Polish) Malone J.P., Muskett A.E., 1964. Seed-borne fungi. Description of 77 fungus species. Proceeding of the International Seed Testing Association, 29 (2): 179-384.10.5586/aa.2000.012Search in Google Scholar

Mathur S.B., Kongsdal O., 2003. Common laboratory seed health testing methods for detecting fungi. International Seed Testing Association, Basserdorf, Switzerland.Search in Google Scholar

Maude R.B., 1980. Disease control. In: The biology of Botrytis. J.R. Colley-Smith, K. Verhoeff, W.R. Jarvis (eds), Academic Press Inc., London Ltd.Search in Google Scholar

Maude R.B., 1996. Seed-borne diseases and their control. Principles and practice. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Search in Google Scholar

Morazonni P., Bombardelli E., 1995. Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus). Fitoterapia 66: 3-42.Search in Google Scholar

Niaz I., Dawar S., 2009. Detection of seed-borne mycoflora in maize (Zea mays L.). Pak. J. Bot. 41(1): 443-451.Search in Google Scholar

Sadowska K., 2006. Owoce ostropestu plamistego jako prozdrowotny dodatek do pieczywa. Food Sci.Search in Google Scholar

Technol. Quality 2(47): 290-296. (In Polish) Sauer D.B., Burroughs R., 1986. Disinfection of seed surfaces with sodium hypochlorite. Phytopathology 76: 745-749.10.1094/Phyto-76-745Search in Google Scholar

Scheffer R., 1992. Ecological and evolutionary roles of the toxins from Alternaria species pathogenic to plants. In: Alternaria. Biology, plant diseases and metabolites. J. Chełkowski, A. Visconti (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam: 101-122.Search in Google Scholar

Seidler-Łożykowsk a K., 2009. Medicinal plant seeds as an element of increasing biodiversity of grassland. SALVERE - Regional Workshop in Poland: 45-47.Search in Google Scholar

Sharfun-Nahar, Mushata q M., Hashmi M.H., 2005. Seed-borne mycoflora of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Pak. J. Bot. 37(2): 451-457.Search in Google Scholar

Sultana N., Ghaffar A., 2007. Seed-borne fungi associated with bitter-gourd (Momordica charantia Linn.). Pak. J. Bot. 39(6): 2121-2125.Search in Google Scholar

Szopińsk a D., Tylkowska K., Deng Ch.J., Gao Y., 2012.C omparison of modified blotter and agar incubation methods for detecting fungi in Zinnia elegans seeds. Seed. Sci. Technol. 40: 32-42.10.15258/sst.2012.40.1.04Search in Google Scholar

Tournas V.H., Sapp C., Trucksess M.W., 2012. Occurrence of aflatoxins in milk thistle herbal supplements. Food Addit. Contam. 29(6): 994-999.10.1080/19440049.2012.66478822439650Search in Google Scholar

Wata nabe T., 2002. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington D.C. 10.1201/9781420040821Search in Google Scholar