The Impact of Trade and Transport Services on the Environment in Africa

Agarana, M. C., Bishop, S. A. & Agboola, O. O., 2017. Minimizing Carbon Emissions from Transportation Projects in Sub-Saharan African Cities Using Mathematical Model: A Focus on Lagos, Nigeria. International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing (SMPM), Volume 7, pp. 596-601. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2016.12.089.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Aguir-Baragaoui, S., Liouane, N. & Nouri, F. Z., 2014. Environmental Impact determinants: An empirical analysis based on the STIRPAT. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 109, pp. 449-458.10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.489Search in Google Scholar

Al-Mulali, U. & Ozturk, I., 2015. The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, Volume 84, pp. 382-389. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Alshehry, A. S. & Belloumi, M., 2016. Study of the environmental Kuznets curve for transport carbon dioxide emissions in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.122.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Arvin, M. B., Pradhan, R. P. & Norman, N. R., 2015. Transportation intensity, urbanization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in the G-20 countries. Utilities Policy, Volume 35, pp. 50-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2015.07.003.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bangake, C. & Eggoh, J. C., 2012. Pooled Mean Group estimation on international capital mobility in African countries. Research in Economics, Volume 66, pp. 7-17.10.1016/j.rie.2011.06.001Search in Google Scholar

Bokpin, G. A., 2016. Foreign direct investment and environmental sustainability in Africa: The role of institutions and governance. Research in International Business and Finance, pp. 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.07.038.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Boutabba, M. A., Diaw, D. & Lessoua, A., 2018. Environment-energy-growth nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of intermediate goods. International Economics, pp. 1-30. doi: 10.1016/j.inteco.2018.04.003.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Breitung, J., 2000. The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. In: In: Baltagi, B. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels.. JAI, Amsterdam: In: Advances in Econometrics, pp. 161-178.10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15006-6Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, P. et al., 2018. Impacts of transportation sector emissions on future U.S. air quality in a changing climate. Part I: Projected emissions, simulation design, and model evaluation. Environmental Pollution, Volume 238, pp. 903-917.10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.020Search in Google Scholar

Chaturvedi, V. & Kim, S. H., 2015. Long term energy and emission implications of a global shift to electricity-based public rail transportation system. Energy Policy, Volume 81, p. 176–185. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.013.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Chirisa, I., Bandauko, E. & Gaza, M., 2015. Transport and the environment: a critical review for Africa. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 13(4), pp. 309-319.10.1080/10042857.2015.1078489Search in Google Scholar

Choi, J. & Roberts, D. C., 2015. How Does the Change of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Affect Transportation Productivity? A Case Study of the US Transportation Sector from 2002 to 2011. Open Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 3, pp. 96-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.32013.10.4236/jss.2015.32013Search in Google Scholar

da Silva, B. A. et al., 2019. New indicator for measuring the environmental sustainability of publicly traded companies: An innovation for the IPAT approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 215, pp. 354-363.10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.039Search in Google Scholar

Dietz, T. & Rosa, E. A., 1994. Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence and technology. Human Ecology Review, Volume 1, pp. 277-300.Search in Google Scholar

Dietz, T. & Rosa, E. A., 1997. Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 94, pp. 175-179.10.1073/pnas.94.1.175Search in Google Scholar

Ehrlich, P. & Holdren, J., 1971. The impact of population growth. Science, 171(3977), pp. 1212-1217.10.1126/science.171.3977.1212Search in Google Scholar

El-Fadel, M. & Bou-Zeid, E., 1999. Transportation GHG emissions in developing countries. The case of Lebanon. Transportation Research Part D 4, Volume 4, pp. 251-264..10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00008-5Search in Google Scholar

Ertugrul, H. M., Cetin, M., Seker, F. & Dogan, E., 2016. The impact of trade openness on global carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from the top ten emitters among developing countries. Ecological Indicators, Volume 67, p. 543–555. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.027.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Halicioglu, F. & Ketenci, N., 2016. The impact of international trade on environmental quality: The case of transition countries. Energy, Volume 109, pp. 1130-1138. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.013.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hasanov, F. J., Liddle, B. & Mikayilov, J. I., 2018. The impact of international trade on CO2 emissions in oil exporting countries: Territory vs consumption emissions accounting. Energy Economics, pp. 1-27. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.06.004.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hossain, S., 2012. An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan. Low Carbon Economy, Volume 3, pp. 92-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2012.323013.10.4236/lce.2012.323013Search in Google Scholar

Huang, S. et al., 2017. Revisiting China-Africa trade from an environmental perspective. Cleaner Production, pp. 1-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.171.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. C., 2003. Testing for units roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, Volume 115, pp. 53-74.10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7Search in Google Scholar

Kahouli, B. & Omri, A., 2017. Foreign direct investment, foreign trade and environment: New evidence from simultaneous-equation system of gravity models. Research in International Business and Finance, pp. 1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.161.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kim, D.-H., Suen, Y.-B. & Lin, S.-C., 2018. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Trade: Evidence from Disaggregate Trade Data. Energy Economics, pp. 1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Kuznets, S., 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 45(1), pp. 1-28.Search in Google Scholar

Le, T.-H., Chang, Y. & Park, D., 2016. Trade openness and environmental quality: International evidence. Energy Policy, Volume 92, p. 45–55. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.030.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Levin, A., Lin, C. & Chu, C., 2002. Unit root test in panel data: asymptotic and finite sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), pp. 1-24.10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7Search in Google Scholar

Levin, A. & Lin, C. F., 1993. Unit root tests in panel data: new results. UC-San Diego: Discussion paper, Department of Economics.Search in Google Scholar

Longe, A. E., Ajulo, K. D., Omitogun, O. & Adebayo, E. O., 2018. Trade, Transportation and Environment Nexus in Nigeria. The European Journal of Applied Economics, 15(2), pp. 29-42.10.5937/EJAE15-17360Search in Google Scholar

Malthus, T., 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. ed. London: Printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard.Search in Google Scholar

Nunes, P., Pinheiro, F. & Brito, M. C., 2019. The effects of environmental transport policies on the environment, economy and employment in Portugal. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 213, pp. 428-439.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.166Search in Google Scholar

Pedroni, P., 1999. Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogenous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bullettin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, pp. 653-670.10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14Search in Google Scholar

Pesaran, M. H., 2005. A simple panel unit root test in presence of cross section dependence.. s.l.: Cambridge University Working Paper.Search in Google Scholar

Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. P., 1999. Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogenous Panels. Journal of the American Statiscal Association, 94(446), pp. 621-634.10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156Search in Google Scholar

Rehman, M. U. & Rashid, M., 2017. Energy consumption to environmental degradation, the growth appetite in SAARC nations. Renewable Energy, Volume 111, pp. 284-294.10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.100Search in Google Scholar

Saidi, S. & Hammami, S., 2017. Modeling the causal linkages between transport, economic growth and environmental degradation for 75 countries. Transportation Research Part D, Volume 53, p. 415–427. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.031.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K. & Hammoudeh, S., 2016. Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, pp. 1-38. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Shahzad, S. J. H., Kumar, R. R., Zakaria, M. & Hurr, M., 2017. Carbon emission, energy consumption, trade openness and financial development in Pakistan: A revisit. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 70, p. 185–192. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.042.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Tongwane, M., Piketh, S., Stevens, L. & Ramotubei, T., 2015. Greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009. Transportation Research Part D, Volume 37, pp. 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.017.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. [Online] Available at: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data#Sector [Accessed 8 September 2018].Search in Google Scholar

Wang, H., Yang, X. & Ou, X., 2014. A Study on Future Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions of China’s Transportation Sector. Low Carbon Economy, Volume 5, pp. 133-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2014.54014.10.4236/lce.2014.54014Search in Google Scholar

Xie, R., Fang, J. & Liu, C., 2017. The effects of transportation infrastructure on urban carbon emissions. Applied Energy, 196(15), pp. 199-207.10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.020Search in Google Scholar

Xu, L. et al., 2018. Investigating the comparative roles of multi-source factors influencing urban residents’ transportation greenhouse gas emissions. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 644, p. 1336–1345. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.072.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Yoon, Y., Yang, M. & Kim, J., 2018. An Analysis of CO2 Emissions from International Transport and the Driving Forces of Emissions Change. Sustainability, 10(1677), pp. 1-17. doi: 10.3390/su10051677.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

York, R., Rosa, E. A. & Dietz, T., 2003. STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic Tools for Unpacking the Driving Forces of Environmental impact.. Ecological Economics, Volume 46, pp. 351-365.10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00188-5Search in Google Scholar