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Fourth industrial revolution: a way forward to attain better performance in the textile industry

Beata Ślusarczyk
Beata Ślusarczyk
, 
Muhammad Haseeb
Muhammad Haseeb
 and 
Hafezali Iqbal Hussain
Hafezali Iqbal Hussain
   | Jul 30, 2019
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Published Online: Jul 30, 2019
Page range: 52 - 69
Received: Jan 02, 2019
Accepted: Jun 10, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2019-0011
© 2019 Beata Ślusarczyk, Muhammad Haseeb, Hafezali Iqbal Hussain published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Fig. 1

Theoretical framework of the study showing the relationship between Industry 4.0, production, services, technology implementation and firm performance
Theoretical framework of the study showing the relationship between Industry 4.0, production, services, technology implementation and firm performance

Fig. 2

Framework of interoperability of Industry 4.0Source: adapted from (Lu, 2017).
Framework of interoperability of Industry 4.0Source: adapted from (Lu, 2017).

Fig. 3

Measurement model
Measurement model

Fig. 4

Structural model
Structural model

Malaysian textiles and apparels trading (2006 ̶ 2016)

YearImportExportBalance
2006610.94.9
20075.610.34.7
20085.410.55.1
20094.48.934.53
20105.659.333.68
20118.1710.812.64
20128.919.460.55
20138.7810.251.47
20149.111.031.92
201514.9311.9-3.03
201616.412.06-4.34

Missing values and data outlier

No.MissingMeanMedianMinMaxSDKurtosisSkewness
CPS1103.5273171.852-0.6520.371
CPS2203.5913171.783-0.4650.385
CPS3303.5553171.859-0.7250.287
CPS4403.4363171.758-0.3960.432
CPS5503.5324171.847-0.7950.206
CPS6603.4553171.759-0.5070.321
INT1703.64171.725-0.5620.207
INT2802.9593171.3990.0210.575
INT3903.0913171.3390.7560.875
INT41003.1323171.2951.2690.927
INT51103.0553171.40.7190.762
SPSC11203.053171.3250.9850.721
SPSC21303.13171.4610.5970.732
SPSC31403.0733171.4091.0090.891
SPSC41502.9363171.39-0.080.442
SPSC51603.1233171.3340.7730.721
SPSC61703.0273171.4010.480.68
PS11803.0053171.4250.5880.75
PS21903.1363171.3910.0730.549
PS32003.0413171.3220.5150.578
PS42102.953171.3120.0240.543
PS52203.0683171.2650.6520.617
PS62303.0323171.3760.2580.722
ETI12403.0643171.3640.4190.675
ETI22503.0913171.2620.4650.58
ETI32603.2093171.602-0.4880.276
ETI42703.2233171.735-0.5630.405
ETI52803.2323171.882-0.7410.46
ETI62903.253171.992-0.9880.463
FP13003.1323172.066-0.8940.582
FP23103.1593171.935-0.7920.535
FP33203.2683171.675-0.4290.458
FP43303.23171.904-0.7790.467
FP53403.2733171.873-0.7580.502
FP63503.2413171.89-0.7390.462
FP73603.2553172.022-0.9650.485

Factor loadings

Cyber-Physical SystemsEffective Technology ImplementationFirm PerformanceInteroperabilityProduction and ServicesSmart City and Smart Product
CPS10.9
CPS20.872
CPS30.906
CPS40.904
CPS50.893
CPS60.874
ETI10.768
ETI20.773
ETI30.849
ETI40.897
ETI50.905
ETI60.863
FP10.932
FP20.921
FP30.872
FP40.922
FP50.916
FP60.907
FP70.901
INT10.66
INT20.863
INT30.893
INT40.888
INT50.893
PS10.844
PS20.9
PS30.854
PS40.885
PS50.894
PS60.909
SPSC10.902
SPSC20.914
SPSC30.908
SPSC40.853
SPSC50.869
SPSC60.84

Discriminant validity

CPSETIFPINTPSSPSC
Cyber-Physical Systems0.892
Effective Technology Implementation0.6210.844
Firm Performance0.6040.7310.91
Interoperability0.660.7950.6810.844
Production and Services0.5770.7990.6710.7240.881
Smart City and Smart Product0.6010.8210.7080.720.7220.781

Studies on a smart factory and manufacturing

Research CategoryPublication
Smart Factory and ManufacturingChen & Xing (2015)
Kolberg & Zühlke (2015)
Oses, Legarretaetxebarria, Quartulli, García & Serrano (2016)
Paelke (2014)
Pisching, Junqueira, Santos Filho & Miyagi (2015)
Rüßmann et al. (2015)
Wang, Wan, Zhang, Li & Zhang (2016)
Sanders, Elangeswaran & Wulfsberg (2016)
Scheuermann, Verclas & Bruegge (2015)
Thames & Schaefer (2016)

Indirect effect

(O)(M)SDT StatisticsP Values
Cyber-Physical Systems -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance0.0110.010.0071.6360.103
Interoperability -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance0.1080.1070.0244.4640
Smart City and Smart Product -> Production and Services -> Firm Performance0.0940.0930.024.8190

CR and convergent validity

Clpharho_ACRAVE
Cyber-Physical Systems0.9480.950.9590.795
Effective Technology Implementation0.9190.9290.9370.713
Firm Performance0.9650.9660.9710.829
Interoperability0.8970.9140.9250.713
Production and Services0.9420.9420.9540.776
Smart City and Smart Product0.9420.9430.9540.777

Direct effect results

(O)(M)SDT StatisticsP Values
Cyber-Physical Systems -> Production and Services0.0530.050.022.6470.004
Effective Performance Technology Implementation -> Firm0.0930.0920.002635.7940
Interoperability -> Production and Services0.5320.5310.0618.7210
Production and Services -> Firm Performance0.2030.2010.0375.5440
Smart City and Smart Product -> Production and Services0.4640.4620.0588.0640

Studies on interoperability

Research CategoryPublication
Interoperability of Industry 4.0Berre et al. (2007)
D. Chen et al. (2008)
Gorkhali & Xu (2016)
Geraci et al. (1991)
Lu (2017)
Romero & Vernadat (2016)
Smirnov et al. (2013)
Sowell (2006)

Moderation Effect

(O)(M)SDT StatisticsP Values
Moderating Effect 1 -> Production and Services0.0040.0040.0370.1030.918
Moderating Effect 2 -> Production and Services0.0590.0590.031.9610.05
Moderating Effect 3 -> Production and Services0.0370.0330.013.70

Studies on Smart City

Research CategoryPublication
Smart City of Industry 4.0Lasi, Fettke, Kemper, Feld &
Hoffmann (2014)
Lom et al. (2016)
Tang (2015)
Roblek et al. (2016)
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