Functioning of the Quasi-Labor Market under Socialism: Clash between Ideology and Reality

Job groups	Avg. wage	Wage relation

Workers processors	3086	100
Agriculture workers	3170	102.7
Workers in mining, metallurgy and power engineering	4174	135.2
Construction workers	3177	102.9
Operational and service workers	2564	83.7
Technicians	3708	108.5
Management and administration staff	3116	104.2
Education, culture and health workers	3011	97.5
Workers of science, research and development	4052	131.3

Growth rates (%)	1971–75	1976–80	1981–85	1986–90	Average

GDP	4.94	2.81	0.93	1.91	2.65
GDP plan	5	5	1.5–2.1	3.2
Labor	0.48	0.74	0.52	−0.21	0.39
Labor productivity	4.44	2.06	0.40	2.13	2.26
Labor prod. Plan	4.75	4.55	1.4–2	2.9
Capital	9.69	1.98	−3.02	1.81	2.61
TFP	−0.41	1.41	2.55	1.33	1.22

Shares (%)*

Extensity	65.96	58.89	51.18	47.63	56.44
Intensity	34.04	41.11	48.82	52.37	43.56

Indicator	1980	1986	1988

	Czechoslovak	Socialist	Republic

A. Labor Force Resource (I. + II. + III. – IV. + V.)	9,375,172	9,519,694	9,656,588
I. Population in productive age	8,708,756	8,762,635	8,882,691
II. Working in productive age	652,732	723,4	741,433
III. Working commuters	x	x	X
IV. Workers leaving	−612	−1,058	−936
V. Foreign nationals working in the CSSR	14,296	34,717	33,4

B. Division of labor resources (I. + II. + III. + IV. + V. + VI.)	9,375,172	9,519,694	9,656,588
I. Workers with the only or full-time job	7,225,952	7,485,663	7,544,658
II. Women on maternity and other maternity leave	379,79	349,808	358,436
III. Pupils and students in productive age in schools	552,463	429,449	445,205
Universities	143,954	135,864	136,005
colleges and vocational schools	219,691	165,176	168,836
high schools	116,188	102,642	105,856
primary schools	60,085	4,192	7,902
schools for young people requiring special care	12,545	21,575	26,606
IV. Pupils of secondary vocational schools in productive age	356,893	285,782	295,248
V. Population unable to work in productive age	274,229	266,344	267,003
VI. Other working age population incl. unplanned components	585,845	702,648	746,038

Branch (ISIC classification)	CSSR thous. $	CSSR level (respective countries = 1)

		Small countries (a)		Large countries (b)

			Of which:		Of which:
			Austria		FRG	USA

Food industry	10.3	0.22	0.2	0.24	0.14	0.24
Textile industry	7.3	0.28	0.33	0.32	0.17	0.27
Clothing manufacture	3.9	0.23	0.28	0.23	0.17	0.18
Leather manufacture	4.8	0.18	0.24	0.2	0.18	0.16
Shoe manufacture	6.0	0.3	0.4	0.34	0.27	0.27
Wood products manufacture	8.9	0.25	0.37	0.33	0.28	0.24
Furniture production	4.8	0.15	0.15	0.19	0.14	0.16
Paper production	12.6	0.27	0.32	0.3	0.32	0.22
Printing industry	7.0	0.19	0.22	0.19	0.18	0.17
Light industry	7.6	0.21	0.24	0.24	0.17	0.19
Chemical and rubber industry	17.9	0.35	0.5	0.31	0.34	0.22
Metallurgy	14.2	0.37	0.53	0.3	0.27	0.25
Non-metal materials procession (c)	10.1	0.3	0.29	0.28	0.27	0.2
Metalworking industry	7.3	0.23	0.25	0.23	0.3	0.18
Mechanical engineering	10.6	0.28	0.38	0.25	0.28	0.19
Vehicle manufacture	14.4	0.45	0.34	0.37	0.32	0.27
Electric machinery manufacture	10.1	0.29	0.33	0.24	0.24	0.22
Machine production	9.3	0.26	0.42	0.23	0.2	0.29
Heavy industry	12.0	0.32	0.38	0.28	0.28	0.22
Manufacturing industry	10.5	0.28	0.33	0.27	0.25	0.21
Energy industry	25.3	0.22	0.31	0.52	0.26	0.48
Mining	10.3	0.05	0.3	0.11	0.3	0.11

Sum	10.9	0.25	0.31	0.26	0.25	0.21

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Journal Subjects:: Business and Economics, Political Economics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Law, European Law, other