Analysis of Menthol, Menthol-Like, and Other Tobacco Flavoring Compounds in Cigarettes and in Electrically Heated Tobacco Products

1. U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2014; 2016. Available at: https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-cigarette-report-2014-federaltrade-commission-smokeless-tobacco-report/ftc_cigarette_report_2014.pdf (accessed July 10, 2018)Search in Google Scholar

2. Executive Agency for Health and Consumers (EAHC): Economic Analysis of the EU Market of Tobacco, Nicotine and Related Products; 2013. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/tobacco_matrix_report_eu_market_en.pdf (accessed July 10, 2018)Search in Google Scholar

3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Smoking — 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General; Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA, U.S., 2014. Available at: https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/full-report.pdf (accessed July 10, 2018)Search in Google Scholar

4. Mendiondo, M.S., L.A. Alexander, and T. Crawford: Health Profile Differences for Menthol and Non-Menthol Smokers: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey; Addiction 105 (2010) 124–140. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03202.x10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03202.x21059143Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Van Landingham, C., W. Fuller, G. Mariano, K. Marano, G. Curtin, and S.I. Sulsky: Stroke Risk Among Menthol Versus Non-Menthol Cigarette Smokers in the United States: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 85 (2017) 64–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.01210.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.01228163170Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs – United States, 1995–1999; Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51 (2002) 300–303.Search in Google Scholar

7. World Health Organization (WHO): European Tobacco Control Status Report 2014. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/248418/European-Tobacco-Control-Status-Report-2014-Eng.pdf (accessed July 10, 2018)Search in Google Scholar

8. Reid, J.R.: A History of Mentholated Cigarettes; 47^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, October 18–21, 1993, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA; Recent Adv. Tob. Sci. 19 (1993) 71–84.Search in Google Scholar

9. Ai, J., K.M. Taylor, J.G. Lisko, H.Tran, C.H. Watson, and M.R. Holman: Menthol Content in US Marketed Cigarettes; Nicotine Tob. Res. 18 (2016) 1575–1580. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv16210.1093/ntr/ntv162474784226259988Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Patel, T., Y. Ishiuji, and G. Yosipovitch: Menthol: A Refreshing Look at this Ancient Compound; J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 57 (2007) 873–878. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.00810.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.00817498839Search in Google Scholar

11. McKemy, D.D.: The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cold Sensation; ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4 (2013) 238–247. DOI: 10.1021/cn300193h10.1021/cn300193h358860323421674Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Ahijevych, K. and B.E. Garrett: Menthol Pharmacology and its Potential Impact on Cigarette Smoking Behavior; Nicotine Tob. Res. 6 (2004), 17–28. DOI: 10.1080/1462220031000164946910.1080/1462220031000164946914982706Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Hersey, J.C., S.W. Ng, J.M. Nonnemaker, P. Mowery, K.Y. Thomas, M.C. Vilsaint, J.A. Allen, and M.L. Haviland: Are Menthol Cigarettes a Starter Product for Youth?; Nicotine Tob. Res. 8 (2006) 403–413. DOI: 10.1080/1462220060067038910.1080/1462220060067038916801298Search in Google Scholar

14. Ahijevch, K. and B.E. Garrett: The Role of Menthol in Cigarettes as a Reinforcer of Smoking Behavior; Nicotine Tob. Res. 12 (2010) 110–116. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq20310.1093/ntr/ntq203363695521177367Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Henningfield, J.E., N.L. Benowitz, K. Ahijevych, B.E. Garrett, G.N. Connolly, and G.F. Wayne: Does Menthol Enhance the Addictiveness of Cigarettes? An Agenda for Research; Nicotine Tob. Res. 5 (2003) 9–11.Search in Google Scholar

16. Giovino, G.A., S. Sidney, J.C. Gfroerer, P.M. O’Malley, J.A. Allen, P.A. Richter, and K.M. Cummings: Epidemiology of Menthol Cigarette Use; Nicotine Tob. Res. 6 (2004) Suppl. 67–81. DOI: 10.1080/1462220371000164969610.1080/1462220371000164969614982710Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Giovino, G.A., A.C. Villanti, P.D. Mowery, V. Sevilimedu, R.S. Niaura, D.M. Vallone, and D.B. Abrams: Differential Trends in Cigarette Smoking in the USA: Is Menthol Slowing Progress?; Tob. Control 24 (2015) 28–37. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-05115910.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-05115923997070Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Backinger, C.L., D. Lawrence, J. Swan, D.M. Winn, N. Breen, A. Hartman, R. Grana, D. Tran, and S. Farrell: Using the National Health Interview Survey to Understand and Address the Impact of Tobacco in the United States: Past Perspectives and Future Considerations; Epidemiol. Perspect. Innov. 5 (2008) 8. DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-5-810.1186/1742-5573-5-8262784619055824Search in Google Scholar

19. Eccles, R.: Review Menthol and Related Cooling Compounds; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46 (1994) 618–630. DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03871.x10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03871.x7529306Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Heck, J.D.: A Review and Assessment of Menthol Employed as a Cigarette Flavoring Ingredient; Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, Suppl. 2 (2010) 1–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.00210.1016/j.fct.2009.11.00220113860Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Clark, P.I., P.S. Gardiner, M.V. Djordjevic, S.J. Leischow, and R.G. Robinson: Menthol Cigarettes: Setting the Research Agenda; Nicotine Tob. Res. 6, Suppl. 1 (2004) 5–9. DOI: 10.1080/1462220031000164944110.1080/1462220031000164944114982704Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Villanti, A.C., A.L. Johnson, B.K. Ambrose, K.M. Cummings, C.A. Stanton, S.W. Rose, S.P. Feirman, C. Tworek, A.M. Glasser, J.L. Pearson, A.M. Cohn, K.P. Conway, R.S. Niaura, M. Bansal-Travers, and A. Hyland: Flavored Tobacco Product Use in Youth and Adults: Findings From the First Wave of the PATH Study (2013–2014); Am. J. Prev. Med. 53 (2017) 139–151. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.02610.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.026552263628318902Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. King, B.A., M.A. Tynan, S.R. Dube, and R. Arrazola: Flavored-Little-Cigar and Flavored-Cigarette Use Among U.S. Middle and High School Students; J. Adolesc. Health 54 (2014) 40–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.03310.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.033457246324161587Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Villanti, A.C., A. Richardson, D.M. Vallone, and J.M. Rath: Flavored Tobacco Product Use Among U.S. Young Adults; Am. J. Prev. Med. 44 (2013) 388–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.03110.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.03123498105Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Rath, J.M., A.C. Villanti, V.F. Williams, A. Richardson, J.L. Pearson, and D.M. Vallone: Correlates of Current Menthol Cigarette and Flavored Other Tobacco Product Use Among U.S. Young Adults; Addict. Behav. 62 (2016) 35–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.02110.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.021495576827310032Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. European Commission: Directive 2014/40/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Concerning the Manufacture, Presentation and Sale of Tobacco and Related Products and Repealing Directive 2001/37/EC; Off. J. Eur. Commun. 127 (2014) 1–38. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/40/oj (accessed July 10, 2018)Search in Google Scholar

27. Paschke, M., A. Tkachenko, K. Ackermann, C. Hutzler, F. Henkler, and A. Luch: Activation of the Cold-Receptor TRPM8 by Low Levels of Menthol in Tobacco Products, Toxicol. Lett. 271 (2017) 50–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.02010.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.02028238800Search in Google Scholar

28. Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Zweite Verordnung zur Änderung der Tabakerzeugnisverordnung vom 17. Mai 2017; Bundesgesetzblatt (2017) Teil I Nr. 28, ausgegeben zu Bonn am 19. Mai 2017. Available at: https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl117s1201.pdf%27%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl117s1201.pdf%27%5D__1533191639236 (accessed July 10, 2018)Search in Google Scholar

29. Maštovská, K., S.J. Lehotay, and M. Anastassiades: Combination of Analyte Protectants to Overcome Matrix Effects in Routine GC Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food Matrixes; Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 8129–8137. DOI: 10.1021/ac051557610.1021/ac051557616351165Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Celebucki, C.C., G.F. Wayne, G.N. Connolly, J.F. Pankow, and E.I. Chang: Characterization of Measured Menthol in 48 U.S. Cigarette Sub-Brands; Nicotine Tob. Res. 7 (2005) 523–531. DOI: 10.1080/1462220050018627010.1080/1462220050018627016085523Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Best, F.W.: Effects of Some Cigarette Construction Parameters on Menthol Migration and Transfer; 47^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, October 18–21, 1993, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA; Recent Adv. Tob. Sci. 19 (1993) 155–201.Search in Google Scholar

32. Merckel, C., F. Pragst, A. Ratzinger, B. Aebi, W. Bernhard, and F. Sporkert: Application of Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tobacco Additives in Cigarettes; J. Chrom. A 1116 (2006) 10–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.01010.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.01016580003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar