The Composition of Cigarette Smoke. An Historical Perspective of Several Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1. Rodgman, A.: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. I. The isolation and/or identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Camel cigarette smoke; RDR, 1956, No. 9, September 28, see www.rjrtdocs. com 501008241 -8293.Search in Google Scholar

2. Rodgman, A.: The analysis of cigarette smoke con-densate. IV. 3,4,8,9-Dibenzpyrene in Camel cigarette smoke condensate; RDR, 1957, No. 13, October 7, see www.rjrtdocs. com 501008378 -8386.Search in Google Scholar

3. Rodgman, A. and L. C. Cook: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. XIV. Polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons; RDR, 1960, No. 20, May 26, see www.rjrtdocs. com 501008592 -8660.Search in Google Scholar

4. Rodgman, A.: Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: Identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: A review; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 361–379.Search in Google Scholar

5. Lefemine, D. V., E. T. Alvord, and S. Z. Cardon: Identification of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette paper smoke and tars; Southeastern Reg. Mtg., Am. Chem. Soc., Birmingham, AL (1954).Search in Google Scholar

6. Cardon, S. Z. and E. T. Alvord: The presence of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; Ann. Mtg., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Atlanta, GA (1955) pp. 1–12.Search in Google Scholar

7. Alvord, E. T. and S. Z. Cardon: Separation and identification of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; 9^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 9, Paper No. 24, 1955, p. 13.Search in Google Scholar

8. Kosak, A. I., J. S. Swinehart, and D. Taber: The com- 11. ponents of cigarette smoke. I. Preliminary studies; J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 17 (1956) 375–390. 12.Search in Google Scholar

9. Fieser, L. F.: Chemical carcinogenesis; Arthur Stolle Festschrift (1957) 489–498. 13.Search in Google Scholar

10. Orris L., B. L. Van Duuren, A. I. Kosak, N. Nelson, and F. L. Schmitt: The carcinogenicity for mouse skin and the aromatic hydrocarbon content of cigarette-smoke 14. condensate; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 21 (1958) 557–561.Search in Google Scholar

11. Fieser, L. F.: More on smoking and health; Chemistry 1964(3) 18–19.Search in Google Scholar

12. Wynder, E. L. and D. Hoffmann: Experimental tobacco carcinogenesis; Adv. Cancer Res. 8 (1964) 249–453.10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60510-2Search in Google Scholar

13. Wynder, E. L. and D. Hoffmann: Tobacco and tobacco smoke: Studies in experimental carcinogenesis; Academic Press, New York, NY (1967).Search in Google Scholar

14. Wynder, E. L. and D. Hoffmann: The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons in tobacco carcinogenesis; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 3 (1) (1959) 74; A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VII. The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons; Cancer 12 (1959) 1079–1086.Search in Google Scholar

15. United States Public Health Service (USPHS): Smoking and health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service; PHS Publ. No. 1103 (1964).Search in Google Scholar

16. Philip Morris Inc.: Chemical constituents in tobacco and smoke. A compilation of published information; Philip Morris Inc., Richmond, VA (1963) pp. 1–47.Search in Google Scholar

17. Rodgman, A.: The analysis of cigarette smoke condensate. XXXV. A summary of an eight-year study; RDR, 1964, No. 10, February 12, see www.rjrtdocs. com 501008855 -8928.Search in Google Scholar

18. Elmenhorst, H. and G. Reckzeh: Aromatische Kohlen-wasserstoffe im Tabakrauch [Aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1964) 180–204.Search in Google Scholar

19. Snook, M. E., R. F. Severson, R. F. Arrendale, H. C. Higman, and O. T. Chortyk: High molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of cigarette smoke; 29^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 21, 1975, p. 19; The identification of high molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in a biologically active fraction of cigarette smoke condensate; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 9 (1977) 79–101; Multi-alkylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco smoke: Separation and identification; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 9 (1978) 222–247; Snook, M. E., R. F. Severson, H. C. Higman, R. F. Arrendale, and O. T. Chortyk: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco smoke: Isolation and identification; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8 (1976) 250–272; Snook, M. E., R. F. Severson, H. C. Higman, and O. T. Chortyk: Isolation and identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco smoke; 28^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 28, Paper No. 40, 1974, p. 27.Search in Google Scholar

20. Rodgman, A. and T. A. Perfetti: The composition of cigarette smoke: A catalogue of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2006) 13–69.Search in Google Scholar

21. Cook, J. W., C. L. Hewitt, and I. Hieger: Coal-tar constituents and cancer; Nature 130 (1932) 926; Isolation of a cancer-producing hydrocarbon from coal tar. II. Isolation of 1,2- and 4,5-benzpyrenes, perylene, and 1,2-benzanthracene; J. Chem. Soc. (1933) 395–398.Search in Google Scholar

22. Orchin, M. and E. O. Woolfolk: Molecular complexes with 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68 (1946) 1727-1729; Orchin, M., L. Reggel, and E. O. Woolfolk: Molecular complexes with 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone. II; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947) 1225–1227.Search in Google Scholar

23. Wynder, E. L., E. A. Graham, and A. B. Croninger: Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar; Cancer Res. 13 (1953) 855–864.Search in Google Scholar

24. Bradford, J. A., W. R. Harlan, and H. R. Hanmer: Nature of cigaret smoke: Technic of experimental smoking; Ind. Eng. Chem. 28 (1936) 836–839.Search in Google Scholar

25. Hartwell, J. L.: Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity; United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Publ. No. 149, (1947) Washington, DC; Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity; United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Publ. No. 149, 2^nd Edition (1951), Washington, DC; Shubik, P. and J. L. Hartwell: Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity, Suppl. 1; United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Publ. No. 149 (1957) Washington, DC; Suppl. 2; USPHS Publ. No. 149 (1969) Washington, DC.Search in Google Scholar

26. Dipple, A., R. C. Moschel, and C. A. H. Bigger: Polynuclear hydrocarbons. Chapter 2 in Chemical carcinogens, Second edition; edited by C. E. Searle, Am. Chem. Soc. Monograph 182, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1984) 41–163.Search in Google Scholar

27. Sander, L. C. and S. A. Wise: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure index; National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 922 (1997).10.6028/NIST.SP.922Search in Google Scholar

28. Bonnet, J. and S. Neukomm: Résultats actuels des recherches chimiques sur la composition de la fumée du tabac [Current results on the chemical research on the composition of tobacco smoke]; Oncologia 10 (1957) 124–129.Search in Google Scholar

29. Lyons, M. J. and H. Johnston: Chemical analysis of the neutral fraction of cigarettes smoke tar; Brit. J. Cancer 11 (1957) 554–562.Search in Google Scholar

30. Lyons, M. J.: Presence of 1,2,3,4-dibenzpyrene in cigarette smoke; Nature 182 (1958) 178.Search in Google Scholar

31. Wynder, E. L. and G. F Wright: Studies on the identification of carcinogens in cigarette tar; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2 (2) (1956) 159; A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. I. The primary fractions; Cancer 10 (1957) 255–271.Search in Google Scholar

32. Pyriki, C.: Polycyclische und aliphatische Kohlen-wasserstoffe des Tabakrauches [Polycyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke]; German Chem. Soc., Ann. Mtg., Leipzig DDR (1962); Die Nahrung 7 (1963) 439–448.Search in Google Scholar

33. Lavit-Lamy, D. and N. P. Buu-Hoï: The true nature of “dibenzo[a, l]pyrene” and its known derivatives; Chem. Comm. 4 (1966) 92–94.Search in Google Scholar

34. Rodgman, A. and L. C. Cook: The composition of cigarette smoke. I. Solanesyl acetate; Tob. Sci. 3 (1959) 86–88.Search in Google Scholar

35. Rodgman, A.: The composition of cigarette smoke. III. Phytadienes; J. Org. Chem. 24 (1959) 1916–1924.Search in Google Scholar

36. Rodgman, A., L. C. Cook, and S. S. Mims: The composition of cigarette smoke. V. Solanesenes; 14^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 14, Paper No. 23, 1960, pp. 12-13; J. Org. Chem. 26 (1961) 497–501.Search in Google Scholar

37. Friedel, R. A. and M. Orchin: Ultraviolet spectra of aromatic compounds; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1961).Search in Google Scholar

38. Hofer, L. J. E. and W. C. Peebles: X-ray diffraction patters of 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons; Anal. Chem. 24 (1952) 822–826.Search in Google Scholar

39. Soffer, M. D. and R. A. Stewart: The purification and identification of 1-methylnaphthalene; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 567–568.Search in Google Scholar

40. Shriner, R. L. and R. C. Fuson: The systematic identification of organic compounds: A laboratory manual; 3^rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY (1948) p. 259.Search in Google Scholar

41. Fieser, L. F.: Experiments in organic chemistry; 2^nd Edition, D. C. Heath and Co., New York, NY (1941) p. 344.Search in Google Scholar

42. Clar, E.: Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe: Polycyclische Systeme [Aromatic hydrocarbons: Polycyclic systems]; Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1952).Search in Google Scholar

43. Ikeda, S.: Contribution to the study of tobacco smoke; Sci. Papers, Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. (Tokyo) 42 (1947) 80.Search in Google Scholar

44. Roffo, A. E.: Espectrograffe de los derivados obtenidos por destilacion directa de los tabacos y su relacion como agentes carcinogenos [Spectrograph of derivatives obtained by direct distillation of tobaccos and the relation to carcinogenic agents]; Bol. Inst. Med. Exptl. Estud. Cáncer 14 (1937) 311–399, see Chem. Abstr. 32 (1938) 3812³; Espectrograffe de los derivados obtenidos por destilacion directa de los tabacos y su relacion como agentes carcinogenos [Spectrograph of derivatives obtained by direct distillation of tobaccos and the relation to carcinogenic agents]; Bol. Inst. Med. Exptl. Estud. Cáncer 17 (1940) 279.Search in Google Scholar

45. Roffo, A. H.: 1,2-Benzopirene: Cancerigeno extraido del alquitran del tabaco [1,2-Benzpyrene: A carcinogen extracted from tobacco tar]; Bol. Inst. Med. Exp. Estud. Cáncer 16 (1939) 1–38; Krebserzeugendes Benzpyren gewonnen aus Tabakteer [Cancer-causing benzpyrene obtained from tobacco tar]; Z. Krebsforsch. 49 (1939) 588–597, see Biol. Abstr. 14 (1939) 16122.Search in Google Scholar

46. Larson, P. S., H. B. Haag, and H. Silvette: Tobacco: Experimental and clinical studies; Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD (1961) pp. 422–424.Search in Google Scholar

47. Rodgman, A. and T. A. Perfetti: The chemical compo-nents identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke prior to 1954: A chronology of classical chemistry; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 23 (2009) 277–333.Search in Google Scholar

48. Wynder, E. L. and E. A. Graham: Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma: A study of 684 cases; J. Am. Med. Assoc. 143 (1950) 329–336; Doll, R. and A. B. Hill: Smoking and car-cinoma of the lung. Preliminary report; Brit. Med. J. 1950 (ii) 739–748; Levin, M. L., H. Goldstein, and P. R. Gerhardt: Cancer and tobacco smoking: A preliminary report; J. Am. Med. Assoc. 143 (1950) 336–338; Mills, C. A. and M. M. Porter: Tobacco smoking habits and cancer of the mouth and respiratory system; Cancer Res. 10 (1950) 539–542; Schrek, R., L. A. Baker, G. P. Ballard, and S. Dolgoff: Tobacco smoking as an etiologic factor in disease; Cancer Res. 10 (1950) 49–58; Doll, R. and A. B. Hill: A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung; Brit. Med. J. 1952(ii) 1271–1286; McConnell, B. B., K. C. T. Gordon, and T. Jones: Occupational and personal factors in the etiology of cancer of the lung; Lancet 1952(ii) 651–656; Koulumies, M.: Smoking and pulmonary carcinoma; Acta Radiol. 39 (1953) 255–260; Lickint, F.: Ätiologie und Prophylaxe des Lungenkrebses. 2. Statistische Voraussetzungen zur Klärung der Tabakrauchätiologie des Lungenkrebses [Etiology and prophylaxis of lung cancer. 2. Statistical assumptions for clarification of the tobacco smoke etiology of lung cancer]; Steinkopf (1953); Sadowsky, D. A., A. G. Gilliam, and J. Corn-field: The statistical association between smoking and carcinoma of the lung; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 13 (1953) 1237–1258.Search in Google Scholar

49. Snook, M. E., H. C. Higman, R. F. Arrendale, and O. T. Chortyk: Isolation and identification of nitrogen analogs of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; 30^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 30, Paper No. 47, 1976, p. 32; Snook, M. E., P. J. Fortson, L. B. Smith, and O. T. Chortyk: Isolation and identification of aza-arenes of tobacco smoke; 32^nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 32, Paper No. 46, 1978, p. 25; Snook, M. E., P. J. Fortson, and O. T. Chortyk: Isolation and identification of aza-arenes of tobacco smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1981) 67–78.Search in Google Scholar

50. Newell, M. P., R. A. Heckman, R. F. Moates, C. R. Green, F. W. Best, and J. N Schumacher: The com-position of the ether-soluble portion of the particulate phase of cigarette smoke; 29^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 39, 1975, p. 28; Isolation and identification of new components of the ether-soluble portion of cigarette smoke condensate; Tob. Sci. 22 (1978) 6–11.Search in Google Scholar

51. Schumacher, J. N., C. R. Green, and F. W. Best: The composition of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke particulate phase; 29^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 38, 1975, p. 27; Schumacher, J. N., C. R. Green, F. W. Best, and M. P. Newell: Smoke com-position. An extensive investigation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke; J. Agr. Food Chem. 25 (1977) 310–320.Search in Google Scholar

52. Heckman, R. A. and F. W. Best: An investigation of the lipophilic bases of cigarette smoke condensate; 32^nd Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 32, Paper No. 47, 1978, p. 25; Tob. Sci. 25 (1981) 33–39.Search in Google Scholar

53. Lloyd, R. A. Jr, C. W Miller, D. L. Roberts, J. A. Giles, J. P. Dickerson, N. H. Nelson, C. E. Rix, and P. H. Ayers: Flue-cured tobacco flavor. I. Essence and essential oil components; CORESTA 1974 Symp., Montreux, Switzerland (1974); Tob. Sci. 20 (1976) 40–48.Search in Google Scholar

54. Leffingwell, J. C. and E. D. Alford: Volatile constituents of Perique tobacco; Electronic J. Environ. Agr. Food Chem. 4 (2005) 899–915.Search in Google Scholar

55. Peng, F., L. Sheng, B. Liu, H. Tong, and S. Liu: Comparison of different extraction methods: Steam distillation, simultaneous distillation and extraction and headspace co-distillation, used for the analysis of the volatile components in aged flue-cured tobacco leaves; J. Chromat. A 1040 (2004) 1–17.Search in Google Scholar

56. Kotin, P.: Letter to E. H. Guthrie; Staff Director, 1964 Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health (September 6, 1963).Search in Google Scholar

57. Kotin, P. and H. L. Falk: Atmospheric factors in pathogenesis of lung cancer; Adv. Cancer Res. 7 (1953) 475–514.Search in Google Scholar

58. Bonnet, J. and S. Neukomm: Sur la composition chimique de la fumée du tabac. I. Analyse de la fraction neuter [On the chemical composition of tobacco smoke. I. Analysis of the neutral fraction]; Helv. Chim. Acta 39 (1956) 1724–1733.Search in Google Scholar

59. Gilbert, J. A. S. and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke: The amounts held in stubs and ash; Brit. J. Cancer 10 (1956) 642–645.Search in Google Scholar

60. Gilbert, J. A. S. and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke: Pipe smoking experiments; Brit. J. Cancer 10 (1956) 646–648.Search in Google Scholar

61. Bonnet, J. and S. Neukomm: Carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke; Acta Unio Internat. Contra Cancrum 15 (1959) 561–563Search in Google Scholar

62. Bonnet, J. and S. Neukomm: New investigations on carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke; Oncologia 12 (1959) 80–86.Search in Google Scholar

63. Johnstone, R. A. W. and J. R. Plimmer: The chemical constituents of tobacco and tobacco smoke; Chem. Rev. 59 (1959) 885–936.Search in Google Scholar

64. Pietzsch, A.: Zum Nachweis von cancerogenen Kohlen-wasserstoffen im Tabakrauch [On the detection of car-cinogenic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke]; Pharmazie (Berlin) 14 (1959) 466–473.Search in Google Scholar

65. Zapior, B., J. Platek, and J. Kaleta: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the smoke of domestic Polish cigarette brands; Roczniki Chemii 33 (1959) 243–245.Search in Google Scholar

66. Lyons, M. J.: Comparison of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from gasoline engine and diesel engine exhausts, general atmospheric dust, and cigarette smoke condensate; in: Symposium: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants, edited by E. Sawicki and K. Cassel, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph 9 (1962) 193–199.Search in Google Scholar

67. Cook, J. W., R. A. W. Johnstone, and P. M. Quan: The composition of cigarette smoke. VIII. Some aromatic hydrocarbon constituents; Israel J. Chem. 1 (1963) 356–364.Search in Google Scholar

68. Cooper, R. L. and A. J. Lindsey: The presence of polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke; Chem. and Ind. (London) (1953) 1205.Search in Google Scholar

69. Cooper, R. L. and A. J. Lindsey: The presence of 3,4-benzpyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in the combustion products of cigarette paper; Chem. and Ind. (London) (1954) 1260–1261.Search in Google Scholar

70. Cooper, R. L., A. J. Lindsey, and R. E. Waller: The presence of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; Chem. and Ind. (London) (1954) 1418.Search in Google Scholar

71. Cooper, R. L. and A. J. Lindsey: 3,4-Benzpyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke; Brit. J. Cancer 9 (1955) 304–309.Search in Google Scholar

72. Lindsey, A. J.: The composition of tobacco smoke. Some minor organic constituents; Analyst 80 (1955) 164.Search in Google Scholar

73. Lyons, M. J.: Tobacco smoke products. Assay for polycyclic hydrocarbons; Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp., Ann. Rpt. 33 (1955) 277–278.Search in Google Scholar

74. Campbell, J. M. and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydro-carbons extracted from tobacco. The effect upon total quantities found in smoking; Brit. J. Cancer 10 (1956) 649–652.Search in Google Scholar

75. Campbell, J. M. and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigar smoke; Brit. J. Cancer 11 (1957) 192–195.Search in Google Scholar

76. Wynder, E. L. and G. F Wright: A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. I. The primary fractions; Cancer 10 (1957) 255–271.Search in Google Scholar

77. Wynder, E. L., G. F Wright, and J. Lam: A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. V. The role of pyrolysis; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2(4) (1958) 357–358, Cancer 11 (1958) 1140–1148.Search in Google Scholar

78. Lindsey, A. J.: The composition of cigarette smoke: Studies on stubs and tips; Brit. J. Cancer 13 (1959) 195–199.Search in Google Scholar

79. Alexandrov, K., P. Simova, and I. Savatinova: Potentielle kanzerogene Substanzen in Zigarettenrauch. Befund 3,4-Benzpyren [Potential carcinogenic substances in cigarette smoke. 3,4-Benzpyrene found]; Neoplasma 8 (1961) 575–576.Search in Google Scholar

80. Commins, B. T., R. L. Cooper, and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke; Brit. J. Cancer 8 (1954) 296–302.Search in Google Scholar

81. Seelkopf, C.: Über die Isolierung cancerogene Stoffe aus dem Zigarettenteer [On the isolation of cancerogenic substances from cigarette tar]; Z. Lebensm. Untersuch. Forsch. 100 (1955) 218–222.Search in Google Scholar

82. Wright, G. F and E. L. Wynder: Further chemical studies of cigarette smoke condensate; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2(2) (1956) 159.Search in Google Scholar

83. Ahlmann, J.: Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons in cigarette tar; Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 43 (1958) 379–390.Search in Google Scholar

84. Pietzsch, A.: Zum Nachweis von cancerogenen Kohlen-wasserstoffen im Tabakrauch [On the detection of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke]; Natur-wissenschaften 45 (1958) 445.Search in Google Scholar

85. Scassellati-Sforzolini, G. and G. Salucci: Prime ricerche sulla presenza di idrocarburi cancerigeni nel fumo delle sigarette Italiane [Initial research on the presence of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in the smoke of Italian cigarettes]; Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 34 (1958) 424–426.Search in Google Scholar

86. Lindsey, A. J.: Tobacco smoke; Brit. Med. J. 1959(ii) 506.10.1136/bmj.1.5120.506-bSearch in Google Scholar

87. Candeli, A., A. J. Lindsey, and K. Persaud: Carta di sigarette al sulfammato di ammonio e idrocarburi can-cerigeni [Cigarette paper containing ammonium sul-famate and carcinogenic hydrocarbons]; Bol. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 36 (1960) 452–454.Search in Google Scholar

88. Cuzin, J. L.: Determination of anthracene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene in condensates of tobacco smoke; SEITA (January, 1960).Search in Google Scholar

89. Mouron, J. C., J. Bonnet, and S. Neukomm: Extraction of tobacco by some organic solvents and consequences on chemical composition of the smoke; Oncologia 13 (1960) 271–278.Search in Google Scholar

90. Wynder, E. L.: Laboratory contributions to the tobacco-cancer problem; Symposium on Chemical and biolo-gical problems related to smoking, Stockholm, Sweden (1960); Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 369 (1961) 63–101.Search in Google Scholar

91. Sasmoco, S. A.: Improvements in or relating to a process for treating tobacco and tobacco obtained by said process; British Patent No. 885,249 (Cl. 130) (December 30, 1961).Search in Google Scholar

92. Scassellati-Sforzolini, G. and A. Mariani: Benzopirene e di altri idrocarburi policiclici nel fumo delle sigarette “Nationale Esportazione” [Benzopyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in the smoke of “Nationale Esportazione”]; Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 37 (1961) 766–768.Search in Google Scholar

93. Scassellati-Sforzolini, G. and A. Mariani: Ricerca del 3:4-benzopirene e di altri idrocarburi policiclici nel fumo di sigarette Italiane: Contributo allo studio dell'azione cancerigene del fumo di tobacco [Research on 3:4-benzopyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in the smoke of Italian cigarettes: Contribution to the study of the carcinogenic action of tobacco smoke]; Ricerca Sci. Rend. 1(2) (1961) 98–117.Search in Google Scholar

94. Scassellati-Sforzolini, G. and G. Saldi: Ulteriori ricerche sugli idrocarburi policiclici del fumeso di sigarette. (Confronto tra il fumo aspirato e quello raccolto nell'aria ambiente) [Further research on the polycyclic hydrocarbon content of the smoke of cigarettes. (Comparison between the aspirated smoke from cigarettes and that recovered from the ambient air)]; Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 37 (1961) 769–771.Search in Google Scholar

95. Parmele, H. B. and C. O. Jensen: Smoking tobacco product; British Patent No. 903,067 (August 9, 1962).Search in Google Scholar

96. Pietzsch, A.: Ein weiterer Beitrag zum Thema Reti-nierung von Rauchbestandteilen beim Zigaretten-rauchen [An additional contribution to the theme of retention of smoke components from cigarette smoke]; Pharmazie (Berlin) 17 (1962) 36–41.Search in Google Scholar

97. Cuzin, J. L., A. Testa, S. Testa, and G. Anguerra: Chemical and biological control of condensates from smoked tobacco treated after the Neukomm-Bonnet process; Z. Präventivmed. 28 (1963) 125–137.Search in Google Scholar

98. Dickey, J. B. and G. P. Touey: Tobacco research: Hydrocarbon components of the gaseous phase of cigarette smoke; Seminar presented at Research Dept., R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem NC (March 1, 1956), edited by A. Rodgman, see www.rjrtdocs. com 503132566 -2594.Search in Google Scholar

99. Tennessee Eastman Corporation: Composition of tobacco smoke; Tennessee Eastman Corp. Res. Rpt. No. 4-1201-1 (August 21, 1956).Search in Google Scholar

100. Lyons, M. J.: Assay of possible carcinogenic hydro-carbons from cigarette smoke; Nature 177 (1956) 630–631.Search in Google Scholar

101. Kröller, E.: Ergebnisse vergleichender Schwel- und Rauchversuche an Tabak [Comparative results of smoldering and smoking studies on tobacco]; Deut. Lebensm. Rundschau 60 (1964) 214–215.Search in Google Scholar

102. Hoffmann, D. and E. L. Wynder: Identification of poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; 136^th Natl. Mtg., Am. Chem. Soc., Atlantic City, NJ (1959) Paper No. 16U.Search in Google Scholar

103. Wynder, E. L. and D. Hoffmann: A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VII. The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons; Cancer 12 (1959) 1079–1086.Search in Google Scholar

104. Hoffmann, D. and E. L. Wynder: Short-term deter-mination of carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons; Anal. Chem. 32 (1960) 295–296.Search in Google Scholar

105. Hoffmann, D. and E. L. Wynder: On the isolation and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Cancer 13 (1960) 1062–1073.Search in Google Scholar

106. Wynder, E. L. and D. Hoffmann: Present status of laboratory studies on tobacco carcinogenesis; Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 52 (1961) 119–132.Search in Google Scholar

107. Lettré, H. and A. Jahn: Zur Bildung aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe während des Rauchprozesses [The formation of aromatic hydrocarbons during the smoking process]; Naturwissenschaften 42 (1955) 210.Search in Google Scholar

108. Neukomm, S. and J. Bonnet: Untersuchungen über cancerogene Stoffe im Tabakrauch [Investigation of carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke]; Strahlen-Therapie 37 (Suppl.) (1957) 128–132.Search in Google Scholar

109. Rand, H. J., E. T. Alvord, S. Z. Cardon, and A. Burhan: A study of cigarette smoke and cigarette paper smoke alone; Am. J. Surg. 94 (1957) 438–443.Search in Google Scholar

110. Wynder, E. L. and D. Hoffmann: The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons in tobacco carcinogenesis; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 3(1) (1959) 74.Search in Google Scholar

111. Bonnet, J.: What carcinogenic substances have been demonstrated to be present in tobacco smoke conden-sate; Proc. 1^st Workshop Conf. on Lung Cancer Res. (App. A) (1958) 27–30.Search in Google Scholar

112. British Empire Cancer Campaign: Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke; Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp., Ann. Rpt. 35 (1958) 303–305.Search in Google Scholar

113. Bentley, H. R. and E. G. N. Berry: The constituents of tobacco smoke: An annotated bibliography. Research Paper No. 3; Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee, London (1959).Search in Google Scholar

114. Van Duuren, B. L.: The polynuclear aromatic hydro-carbons in cigarette-smoke condensate. II; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 21 (1958) 623–630.Search in Google Scholar

115. Van Duuren, B. L. and N. Nelson: The polycyclic aro-matic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2(4) (1958) 353.Search in Google Scholar

116. Tennessee Eastman Corporation: Composition of tobacco smoke. II. Composition of tobacco extract and its pyrolysis products; Tennessee Eastman Corp. Res. Rpt. No. 4-1201-2 (April 13, 1959).Search in Google Scholar

117. Mold, J. D., T. B. Walker, and L. G. Veasey: Selective separation of polycyclic aromatic compounds by countercurrent distribution with a solvent system containing tetramethyluric acid; Anal. Chem. 35 (1963) 2071–2074.Search in Google Scholar

118. Neukomm, S.: The newt test in relation to investigations on carcinogenic substances; in: Symposium: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants, edited by E. Sawicki and K. Cassels Jr, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph 9 (1962) 71–73.Search in Google Scholar

119. Gil-Av, E. and J. Shabtai: Precursors of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke; Nature 197 (1963) 1065–1066.Search in Google Scholar

120. Van Duuren, B. L.: Identification of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette-smoke condensate; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 21 (1958) 1–16.Search in Google Scholar

121. Wieske, R.: Zur Beurteilung von Filterzigaretten [On the evaluation of filter cigarettes]; Z. Lebensm. Untersuch. Forsch. 102 (1955) 123–127.10.1007/BF01798772Search in Google Scholar

122. Wright, G. F and E. L. Wynder: Fractionation of cigarette tar; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2(1) (1955) 55.Search in Google Scholar

123. Alvord, E. T. and S. Z. Cardon: Inhibition of the formation of 3,4-benzpyrene from cigarette paper smoke; Ann. Mtg., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Atlanta GA (1955); The inhibition of the formation of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; Brit. J. Cancer 10 (1956) 498–503.Search in Google Scholar

124. Falk, H. L. and P. Kotin: The experimental production of hydrocarbons in simulated cigarette smoking: Their analysis and quantitation; Progress Report No. 1, December 14, 1955, see http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xxt6aa00; Falk, H. L.: The experimental production of hydrocarbons in simulated cigarette smoking: Their analysis and quantitation; Progress Report No. 2, February 1–November 20, 1956, see http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uxt6aa00.Search in Google Scholar

125. Babin, J., D. Polic, and B. Neskovic: Detection of carcinogenic substances in wide use. I. The amount of 3,4–benzpyrene in the smoke of “Morava” cigarettes; Glasnik 14 (4) (1956) 45–52.Search in Google Scholar

126. Cardon, S. Z., E. T. Alvord, W. J. Rand, and R. Hitchcock: 3,4-Benzpyrene in the smoke of cigarette paper, tobacco, and cigarettes; Brit. J. Cancer 10 (1956) 485–497.Search in Google Scholar

127. Kuratsune, M.: Benzo[a]pyrene content of certain pyrogenic materials; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 16 (1956) 1485–1496.Search in Google Scholar

128. Lam, J.: Determination of 3,4-benzopyrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons formed by pyrolysis of aliphatic tobacco hydrocarbons; Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. 39 (1956) 207–210.Search in Google Scholar

129. Lettré, H., A. Jahn, and C. Hausbeck: Nachweis von 3,4-Benzpyrene unter den Rauchprodukten [Detection of 3,4-benzpyrene in smoke products]; Angew. Chem. 68 (1956) 212–213.Search in Google Scholar

130. Wynder, E. L. and G. F Wright: Studies on the identification of carcinogens in cigarette tar; Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2(2) (1956) 159.Search in Google Scholar

131. Wright, G. F: Studies with tobacco smoke condensate; in: Proc. 3^rd Natl. Cancer Conf., June, 1956, JB Lippincott Company (1957) 479–484.Search in Google Scholar

132. Neukomm, S.: Experimental studies on the carcinogenic power of tobacco smoke and other contaminants of the atmosphere; Oncologia 10 (1957) 137–155.Search in Google Scholar

133. Wieske, R.: Untersuchungen über cancerogene Bestandteile im Tabakrauch [Investigations of the carcinogenic components in tobacco smoke]; Arznei-mittelforschung 7 (1957) 324–329.Search in Google Scholar

134. Bentley, H. R. and J. G. Burgan: Benzopyrene in tobacco and tobacco smoke; 12^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 12, Paper No. 16, 1958, pp. 6–7; . Polynuclear hydrocarbons in tobacco and tobacco smoke. I. 3,4-Benzpyrene; Analyst 83 (1958) 442–447.Search in Google Scholar

135. Cardon, S. Z.: 3,4-Benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 2 (1958) 130–131.Search in Google Scholar

136. Clemo, G. R.: Some aspects of the chemistry of tobacco smoke. I; Tetrahedron 3 (1958) 168–174.Search in Google Scholar

137. Cuzin, J. L.: What is evidence for the presence of significant amounts of carcinogens in cigarette paper? In cigarette tobacco? In cigarette additives? Proc. 1^st Conf. Lung Cancer Res. (1958) 49–50.Search in Google Scholar

138. Hubert-Habart, M., R. Latarjet, D. Lavalette, B. Muel, L. René, and R. Royer: Comparaison des quantités de benzo-3,4 pyrène formées par combustion de divers types de papiers à cigarettes [Comparison of the quantities of 3,4-benzpyrene formed by the combustion of different types of cigarette papers]; Bull. Cancer 53 (1958) 53–56.Search in Google Scholar

139. Latarjet, R., J. L. Cuzin, M. Hubert-Habart, B. Muel, and R. Royer: Détection quantitative du 3,4 benzo-pyrène formé par combustion du papier à cigarettes et du tabac [Quantitative detection of 3,4-benzpyrene formed by the combustion of cigarette paper and tobacco]; Bull. Assoc. France Étude Cancer 43 (1956) 180–198.Search in Google Scholar

140. Van Duuren, B. L.: The polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate; Proc. 1^st Workshop Conf. on Lung Cancer Research (1958) 52–55.Search in Google Scholar

141. Burgan, J. G.: The manufacturers’ contribution to experimental research on smoking and lung cancer; Trans. Assoc. Ind. Med. Officers 9 (1959) 13–17.Search in Google Scholar

142. Dikun, P. P.: Use of the fine structure of the fluorescence spectrum of 3:4-benzpyrene to increase the certainty of its detection; Voprosy Onkol. 5 (12) (1959) 672–677.Search in Google Scholar

143. Dikun, P. P. and S. G. Chushkin: Fluorescence spectral analysis of the products of tobacco smoke; Voprosy Onkol. 5(7) (1959) 34–37.Search in Google Scholar

144. Lindsey, A. J., K. Persaud, and A. Candeli: Reduction of benzpyrene in tobacco smoke; Brit. Med. J. 1959(ii) 821.10.1136/bmj.2.5155.821Search in Google Scholar

145. Tennessee Eastman Corporation: Composition of tobacco smoke. III. Effects of the extraction of tobacco on amount of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke tar; Tennessee Eastman Corp. Res. Rpt. No. 4-1201-3 (July 14, 1959).Search in Google Scholar

146. Wynder, E. L., G. F Wright, and J. Lam: A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VI. The role of precursors; Cancer 12 (1959) 1073–1078.Search in Google Scholar

147. Bentley, H. R. and J. G. Burgan: Polynuclear hydrocarbons in tobacco and tobacco smoke. II. The origin of 3,4-benzpyrene found in tobacco and tobacco smoke; Analyst 85 (1960) 723–727.Search in Google Scholar

148. Bentley, H. R. and J. G. Burgan: Polynuclear hydrocarbons in tobacco and tobacco smoke. III. The inhibition of the formation of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; Analyst 85 (1960) 727–730.Search in Google Scholar

149. Candeli, A., A. J. Lindsey, and K. Persaud: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke; Anal. Chim. Acta 22 (1960) 458–461.Search in Google Scholar

150. Clemo, G. R.: Further aspects of the chemistry of tobacco smoke. II; Tetrahedron 11 (1960) 11–14.Search in Google Scholar

151. Cuzin, J. L., M. Hubert-Habart, B. Muel, R. Roger, and R. Latarjet: La production du benzo-3,4-pyrene dans des cigarettes à papier imprégné de sulfamate d'ammonium [The production of 3,4-benzopyrene in cigarettes with paper impregnated with ammonium sulfamate]; Bull. Soc. Chim. France (1960) 982.Search in Google Scholar

152. Dikun, P. P., S. G. Chushkin, A. L. Gritsiute, and A. L. Mironova: The results of studies on the possible carcinogenic effect of tobacco products; Voprosy Onkol. 6 (1960) 603–604.Search in Google Scholar

153. Hubert-Habart, M. R.: Le benzo-3,4 pyrène pyroformé dans les produits de combustion de la cigarette: Détection, dosage, recherche des facteurs d'inhibition [Pyrogenesis of 3,4-benzpyrene in the products from cigarette combustion: Detection, yield, research on inhibition factors]; Thesis, University of Paris (1960).Search in Google Scholar

154. Pavlu, J. and J. Sula: Detection and estimation of 3,4-benzpyrene and arsenic in cigarette smoke; Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 96 (1960) 101–104, for translation see www.rjrtdocs. com 503288286 -8293.Search in Google Scholar

155. Takayama, S. and K. Oota: Chemical analysis of cigarette tar produced by human smoking; Gann 51 (1960) 97–103.Search in Google Scholar

156. Grimmer, G.: Eine Methode zur Bestimmung von 3,4-Benzpyrene in Tabakrauchkondensaten [A method for the estimation of 3,4-benzpyrene in tobacco smoke condensate]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1 (1961) 107–116.Search in Google Scholar

157. Guérin, M.: Étude sur la pouvoir cocarcinogène du goudron de fumée de cigarette [Study of the cocarcinogenic property of tar from cigarette smoke]; Bull. Assoc. Franc. Étude Cancer 48 (1961) 365–376.Search in Google Scholar

158. Mouron, J. C., J. Bonnet, and S. Neukomm: Variations de la composition chimique de la fumée du tabac par l'addition de produites purs à du tabac complètement extrait [Variations in the chemical composition of the smoke from tobacco by addition of pure products to completely extracted tobacco]; Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 67 (1961) 447–453.Search in Google Scholar

159. Rand, H. J., S. Z. Cardon, E. T. Alvord, and A. Burhan: A study of cigarette smoke and cigarette paper smoke alone; Cancer Cytol. 4 (1961) 18–21.Search in Google Scholar

160. Barkemeyer, H.: Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des 3,4-Benzpyrens in Tabakrauchkondensaten [A new method for the determination of 3,4-benzpyrene in tobacco smoke condensate]; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1 (1962) 325–328.Search in Google Scholar

161. Bell, J. H.: Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke condensate; Report, August 30, 1962, see www.Lorillarddocs. com 00118749 -8752.Search in Google Scholar

162. Bentley, H. R.: A study of carcinogenic components in tobacco smoke; Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp., Ann. Rpt. 39 (1962) 25.Search in Google Scholar

163. Dikun, P. P., N. D. Krasnitskaya, and S. G. Chushkin: Some data on the content of 3,4-benzpyrene in tobacco smoke; Voprosy Onkol. 8 (1962) 31–35.Search in Google Scholar

164. Druckrey, H. and A. Schildbach: Quantitativen Unter-suchungen zur Bedeutung des Benzpyrens für die carcinogene Wirkung von Tabakrauch [Quantitative investigation of the significance of benzpyrene in the carcinogenic action of tobacco smoke]; Z. Krebsforsch. 65 (1963) 465–470.Search in Google Scholar

165. Hoffmann, D., G. Rathkamp, and E. L. Wynder: Com-parison of the yields of several selected components in the smoke from different tobacco products; J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 31 (1963) 627–637.Search in Google Scholar

166. Scherbak, M. P., R. L. Rice, and J. E. de Souza: An absolute method for the determination of 3,4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke; 17^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 17, Paper No. 20, 1963, pp. 15–16.Search in Google Scholar

167. Testa, A., P. Testa, and J. L. Cuzin: A rapid analytical technique for routine determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke condensate; 17^th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 17, Paper No. 19, 1963, p. 15.Search in Google Scholar

168. Waltz, P. and M. Häusermann: Sur un traitement du tabac en vue de diminuer la teneur en hydrocarbures policycliques de la fumée [On the treatment of tobacco to diminish the level of polycyclic hydrocarbons in its smoke]; Z. Präventivmed. 8 (1963) 111–124.Search in Google Scholar

169. Izawa, M.: Review of studies of tobacco smoke; Nippon Senbai Kosha (1961).Search in Google Scholar

170. Schoental, R.: Carcinogenic activity of 3,4,9,10-dibenzpyrene; Acta Unio Internat. Contra Cancrum 15 (1959) 216–219.Search in Google Scholar

171. Johnstone, R. A. W. and P. M. Quan: Naphthalenes in cigarette smoke; Nature 199 (1963) 1184.Search in Google Scholar

172. Wynder, E. L.: Statement on the lung cancer-cigarette smoking controversy: Chemical fractionation of cigarette smoke; in: False and misleading advertising (Filter-tip cigarettes), Hearing before Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations (the Blatnik Hearings on Filtered Cigarettes), House of Represen-tatives, 85^th Congress, 1^st Session (1957) 63–114, see p. 104.Search in Google Scholar