[1. Egerton, A., K. Gugan, and F.J. Weinberg: The mecha-nism of smoldering in cigarettes; Combust. Flame 7 (1963) 63–78.10.1016/0010-2180(63)90156-1]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Ohlemiller, T. J.: Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation; Prog. Energy Combustion Sci. 11 (1985) 277–310.10.1016/0360-1285(85)90004-8]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Summerfield, A.M., T.J. Ohlemiller, and H.W. San-dusky: A thermo-physical mathematical model of steady-draw smoking and predictions of overall ciga-rette behavior; Combust. Flame 33 (1973) 263–279.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Norbury, J., and M.A. Stuart: A model for porous-medium combustion; Q. J. Mechanics Appl. Math. 42 (1989) 159–178.10.1093/qjmam/42.1.159]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Kansa, E.J., H.E. Perlee, and R.F. Chaiken: Mathe-matical model of wood pyrolysis including internal forced convection; Combust. Flame 29 (1977) 311–324.]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Leach, S.V., G. Rein, J.L. Ellzey, O.A. Ezekoye, and J.L. Torero: Kinetic and fuel property effects on for-ward smoldering; Combust. Flame 120 (2000) 346–358.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Muramatsu, M., S. Umemura, and T. Okada: A mathe-matical model of evaporation-pyrolysis processes in-side a naturally smoldering cigarette; Combust Flame 36 (1979) 245–262.]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Sandusky, H.W.: A computer-simulated cigarette model for use in the development of less hazardous cigarette; Ph.D. Thesis, 1976, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Di Blasi, D.C.: Modeling and simulation of combustion processes of charring and non-charring solid fuels; Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 19 (1993) 71–104.]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Yi, S., E. Song and M.R. Hajaligol: Mathematical model of smoldering combustion in a carbonaceous porous medium, Part 1- Development of pyrolysis and combustion models for a cylindrical geometry; J. Fire Sciences 19 (2001) 429–448.]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Rostami, A., J. Murthy, and M.R. Hajaligol: Modeling of a smoldering cigarette; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 66 (2003) 281–301.10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00117-1]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Rostami, A., J. Murthy, and M.R. Hajaligol: Modeling of the smoldering process in a porous biomass fuel rod; Fuel 83 (2004) 1527–1536.]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Saidi, M.S., M.R. Hajaligol, and F. Rasouli: An experi-mental and numerical analysis of puff hydrodynamics; Beitr. Tabakfosch. Int. 21 (2004) 157–166.]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Saidi, M.S., M.R. Hajaligol, and F. Rasouli: Numerical simulation of a burning cigarette during puffing; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 72 (2004) 141–152.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Baker, R.R.: The kinetics of tobacco pyrolysis, Ther-mochim. Acta 17 (1976) 29–63.10.1016/0040-6031(76)80043-3]Search in Google Scholar
[16. M.A. Wojtowicz, R. Bassilakis, W.W. Smith, Y. Chen and R.M. Carangelo: Modeling the evolution of volatile species during tobacco pyrolysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyro-lysis 66 (2003) 235–261.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Suuberg, E.M.: Approximate solution technique for non-isothermal, Gaussian distributed activation energy models; Combust. Flame 50 (1983) 243–245.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Du, Z., A.F. Sarofim, J.P. Longwell, and L. Tognotti: The CO/CO2 ratio in the products of the carbon-oxygen reaction, Fundamental issues in control of carbon gasi-fication reactivity; Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands 1991, pp. 91–196.10.1007/978-94-011-3310-4_5]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Muramatsu, M., S. Umemura, and T. Okada: Con-sumption of oxygen and heat evolved during natural smolder of a cigarette; J. Chem. Soc. Japan, Chem. and Ind. Chem. (1978) 1441–1448.]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Ergun, S.: Fluid flow transport through packed column; Chem. Eng. Prog. 48 (1952) 89–94.]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Dullien, F.A.L.: Porous media: fluid transport and pore structure; second edition, Academic Press, 1992.10.1016/B978-0-12-223651-8.50007-9]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Perry, R.H. and D.W. Green: Perry's Chemical Engineers’ Hand Book; seventh edition, McGraw Hill, N.Y., 1997.]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Fatehi, M. and M. Kaviany: Role of gas-phase reaction and gas-solid thermal nonequilibrium in reverse combustion; Int. J. Heat mass Transfer 40 (1997) 2607–2620.]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Tsotsas, E. and E. Martin: Thermal conductivity of packed beds, A review; Chem. Eng. Process 22 (1987) 19–37.]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Kaviany, M.: Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media; second edition, Springer Publishers, New York, 1995.10.1007/978-1-4612-4254-3]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Gunn, D.J.: Axial and radial dispersion in fixed beds; Chem. Eng. Sci. 42 (1987) 363–373.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Vortmeyer, D.: Axial heat dispersion in packed beds; Chem. Eng. Sci. 30 (1975) 999–1001.]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Koch, D.L., and J.F. Brady: Dispersion in fixed beds; J. Fluid Mech. 154 (1985) 399–427.10.1017/S0022112085001598]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Edwards, M.F., and J.E. Richardson: Gas dispersion in packed beds; Chem. Eng. Sci. 23 (1968) 109–123.]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Wakao, N., and T. Funazkri: Effect of fluid dispersion coefficients on particle-to-fluid mass transfer coeffi-cients in packed beds; Chem. Eng. Sci. 33 (1978) 1375–1384.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Martin, H.: Low Peclet number particle-to-fluid heat and mass transfer in packed beds; Chem. Eng. Sci. 33 (1978) 913–919.]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Grober, H. and S. Erk: Fundamentals of Heat Transfer; Mc Graw Hill, New York, 1961.]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Singh, B.P., and M. Kaviani: Effect of solid con-ductivity on radiative heat transfer in packed beds; Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 16 (1994) 2579–2583.]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Fatehi, M. and M. Kaviany: Role of gas-phase reaction and gas-solid thermal nonequilibrium in reverse com-bustion; Int. J. Heat mass Transfer 40 (1997) 2607–2620.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Fuller, E.N., P.D. Schettler, and J.C. Giddings: A new method for prediction of binary gas-phase diffusion coefficient; Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 58 (1966) 19–27.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. R.H. Perry and D.W. Green: Perry's Chemical Engineers’ Hand Book; seventh edition, McGraw Hill, N.Y., 1997.]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Peters, B. and C. Bruch: Drying and pyrolysis of wood particles: experiments and simulation; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 70 (2003) 233–250.]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Doormal, V. and G.D. Raithby: Enhancements of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flow; Numer. Heat Transfer 7 (1984) 147–163.]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Ferziger, J.H. and M. Peric: Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, second edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999, pp. 74-75.]Search in Google Scholar
[40. FLUENT 6.0; UDF Manual, Fluent Inc, New Hampshire, 2001.]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Baker, R.R.: Temperature variation within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoldering cycle; High Temp. Sci. 7 (1975) 236–247.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Muramatsu, M., S. Umemura, and T. Okada: Con-sumption of oxygen and heat evolved during natural smolder of a cigarette; J. Chem., Soc. Japan, Chem. Ind. Chem. (1978) 1441–1448.]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Baker, R.R. and D.F. Robinson: Semi-theoretical model for prediction of smoke deliveries; in: Papers Presented at the Joint Meeting of the Smoke and Technology Groups, Harare, Zimbabwe, October 1994, CORESTA Congress, Paris, 1994, pp. 63.]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Norman, A.: Cigarette design and materials; in: Tobacco Production, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D.L. Davis and M.T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science Ltd., MA, 2002, Chapter 11B, pp. 353–387.]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Saidi, M.S., F. Rasouli, and M.R. Hajaligol: Heat transfer coefficient for a packed bed of shredded materials at low peclet numbers; Heat Transfer Engineering 27 (2006) 41–49.]Search in Google Scholar
