About this article
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Oct 05, 2018
Page range: 97 - 104
Received: Feb 23, 2018
Accepted: Jul 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2018-0009
Keywords
© 2018 Birgit Fuerst-Waltl, Birgit Lang, Christian Fuerst, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Energy and protein requirements of goats (LM = live mass (kg); LE = Energy content of milk, MEt = Energy requirement for gravid uterus on day t of gestation; LMZ = gain in live mass (g/d)) (DLG, 1997; GfE, 2003; Kirchgessner, 2004)Tabelle 6. Energie- und Proteinbedarf der Ziegen (LM = Lebendmasse (kg), LE = Energiegehalt der Milch, MEt = Energiebedarf für Konzeptionsprodukte am Trächtigkeitstag t, LMZ = Lebendmassezunahme (g/d)) (DLG, 1997; GfE, 2003; Kirchgessner, 2004)
| Energy requirements (MJ ME) | |
| Maintenance | 0.45 MJ ME/kg LM0.75 |
| Milk production | LE (MJ/kg) = 0.38 Fat% + 0.21 Protein% + 0.95 |
| Efficiency factor = 0.63 | |
| Gestation | MEt (MJ/kg LM0.75) = (–0,062 – 0,00342 t + 0,0000371 t2)× LM0.75 kg |
| Efficiency factor = 0.30 | |
| Growth | suckling kids: |
| ME = 1.377 + 0.00714 LMZ + 0.00158 (LM × LMZ) | |
| ruminating, male: | |
| ME = 1.033 + 0.1553 LM + 0.01034 LMZ + 0.00085 × (LM × LMZ) | |
| ruminating, female: | |
| ME = 0.954 + 0.1602 LM + 0.00896 LMZ + 0.00104 (LM × LMZ) | |
| Protein requirements (g XP) | |
| Maintenance | g XP/d = 3.0 kg LM0.75 + 15 |
| Milk production | g XP = g protein content per kg milk/0.42 |
| Gestation | g XP/d = (10.5/0.83) ∙ ME total requirements for maintenance and gestation 10.5 = average factor for microbial protein synthesis; 0.83 average protein degradation rate |
| Growth | g XP/d = 2.670 + 0.7682 LM + 0.2269 LMZ |
Costs per kilogram of dry matter (DM) (€/kg DM) and protein (g XP), energy (MJ ME), and fiber content (%) for available feedstuffsTabelle 5. Kosten pro kg Trockensubstanz (DM) (€/kg DM) und Protein (g XP), Energie (MJ ME) und Rohfaseranteil (%) der unterstellten Futtermittel
| €/kg DM | Protein (g XP) | ME (MJ) | Fiber content (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hay, 2nd cut | 0.20 | 133 | 9.05 | 28.4 | |
| Grass silage, 1st cut | 0.18 | 150 | 10.20 | 21.3 | |
| Corn silage | 0.16 | 131 | 10.20 | 21.0 | |
| Barley | 0.17 | 124 | 12.84 | 5.7 | |
| Soybean | 0.50 | 398 | 15.88 | 6.2 |
Age structure for Saanen goats shown as proportions (%) of goat classes by lactation and fate (INV = involuntary culling except for infertility; FER = culling for infertility; VOL = voluntary culling; SUR = survivors; TOT = total) in the reference scenarioTabelle 1.Altersstruktur für Saanenziegen dargestellt als Anteile (%) der Ziegenklassen nach Laktationsnummer und Schicksal (INV = unfreiwillige Merzung außer auf Grund von Fruchtbarkeitsproblemen; FER = Merzung auf Grund von Fruchtbarkeitsproblemen; VOL = freiwillige Merzung; SUR = Überlebende; TOT = gesamt) im Referenzszenario
| Lactation | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8+ | |
| INV | 2.12 | 2.39 | 2.81 | 2.40 | 3.20 | 2.35 | 1.36 | 1.06 |
| FER | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.20 |
| VOL | 1.85 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| SUR | 21.71 | 17.58 | 13.35 | 10.00 | 6.02 | 3.09 | 1.26 | 0.49 |
| TOT | 26.50 | 21.71 | 17.58 | 13.35 | 10.00 | 6.02 | 3.09 | 1.75 |
Overview of all the traits considered, their heritabilities (h2) and genetic standard deviations (sa), marginal utilities and economic values for the Saanen goatsTabelle 7. Übersicht aller verwendeten Merkmale, ihrer Heritabilitäten (h2) und genetischen Standardabweichungen (sa), Grenznutzen und ihrer wirtschaftlichen Gewichte bei der Saanenziege
| Trait | Unit | h2 | sa | Marginal utility (€/unit) | Economic value (€/sa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk carrier | kg | 0.59 | 141.2 | 0.26 | 37.14 |
| Fat yield | kg | 0.50 | 4.62 | 7.35 | 33.96 |
| Protein yield | kg | 0.54 | 3.87 | 9.42 | 36.44 |
| Stillbirth | % | 0.02 | 3.1 | 0.49 | 1.52 |
| Rearing losses | % | 0.05 | 6.1 | 0.82 | 5.00 |
| Length of productive life | d | 0.12 | 189 | 0.055 | 10.39 |
| Conception rate | % | 0.04 | 4.5 | 4.03 | 18.14 |
| Daily gain | g | 0.30 | 29 | 0.060 | 1.75 |
Assumed costs and prices (in €)Tabelle 4. Angenommene Kosten und Preise (in €)
| Trait (unit) | €/unit | |
|---|---|---|
| Labor costs (h) | 14.00 | |
| Difficult kidding (case) | 50.00 | |
| First insemination Costs for natural service rams (difference between purchase and retail price of rams, costs per barn unit, labor, veterinary costs and feed) were assumed. To enable the calculation per insemination, costs were split to a theoretical number of 40 goats in the herd according to | 8.94 | |
| Slaughtered maiden goat (kg live mass) | 0.80 | |
| Replacement maiden goat (animal, 180 days old) | 240 | |
| Breeding buck (animal, 180 days old) | 500 | |
| Milk carrier/fat/protein (kg) | 0.27/7.00 | /8.50 |
| Ø slaughter weight (kg) 85% of kids in class 1 with € 3.50/kg, 15% in class 2 with € 3.00/kg. | 3.425 |
Selected population parameters for the Saanen goats in the reference scenarioTabelle 2.Ausgewählte Populationsparameter für Saanenziegen im Referenzszenario
| Trait (unit) | Value |
|---|---|
| Standard lactation (d) | 240 |
| Age at first kidding (d) | 395 |
| 1st lactation milk yield (standard lactation, kg) | 552 |
| Age factors milk yield in lactations 2/3/4/5/6+ Milk yield in higher lactations is calculated by multiplying the 1st lactation milk yield (552 kg) with the respective age factor | 1.27/1.39/1.41/1.40/1.32 |
| Fat content 1st (%) | 3.29 |
| Protein content 1st (%) | 3.04 |
| Proportion of single/twin/triple births (%) | 50/43/7 |
| Proportion easy/medium/difficult kidding (%) | 85/10/5 |
| Length of productive life (y) | 3.26 |
| Kidding interval (d) | 354 |
| Stillbirth rate (%) | 5 |
| Rearing losses (%) | 7 |
| Live weight, fattened male kids (kg) | 20 |
| Daily gain, fattened male kids (g) | 270 |
| Dressing percentage (%) | 50 |
| Age of maiden goats sold (d) | 180 |
| Age of breeding rams sold (d) | 180 |
| Mature weight female goat (kg) | 70 |
Parameters of the Wood function (Wood, 1967) for dairy goats in first, second and higher (3+) lactationsTabelle 3. Parameter der Wood-Funktion (Wood, 1967) für Milchziegen in der ersten, zweiten und höheren (3+) Laktationen
| Carrier yield | Fat percentage | Protein percentage | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactation | b b = rate of increase until lactation peak | c c = rate of decline after the lactation peak | b | c | b | c |
| 1 | 0.1332 | -0.0029 | -0.2528 | 0.0028 | -0.1543 | 0.0023 |
| 2 | 0.1171 | -0.0027 | -0.2207 | 0.0021 | -0.1676 | 0.0022 |
| 3+ | 0.1020 | -0.0026 | -0.2172 | 0.0020 | -0.1624 | 0.0020 |