Country Branding and Country Image: Insights, Challenges and Prospects. The Case of Estonia

Aaker, D. A. (2002), Building Strong Brands, London: Simon & Schuster.Search in Google Scholar

Agarwal, S. & Sikri, S. (1996), ‘Country image: consumer evaluation of product category extension,’ International Marketing Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0265133961012723910.1108/02651339610127239Search in Google Scholar

Andersson, M. (2007), ‘Region branding: The case of the Baltic Sea region,’ Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 120–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.600005710.1057/palgrave.pb.6000057Search in Google Scholar

Anholt, S. (2007), Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Ashworth, G. & Kavaratzis, M., eds. (2010), Towards Effective Place Brand Management: Branding European cities and regions, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781849806398Search in Google Scholar

Beerli, A. & Martin, J. D. (2004), ‘Factors influencing destination image,’ Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 657–681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.01010.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010Search in Google Scholar

Bellenger, D. N.; Bernhardt, K. L. & Goldstucker, J. L. (2011), Qualitative Research in Marketing, Decatur: Marketing Classics Press.Search in Google Scholar

Blain, C.; Levy, S. E. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2005), ‘Destination branding: insights and practices from destination management organizations,’ Journal of Travel Research, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 328–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728750527464610.1177/0047287505274646Search in Google Scholar

Botterill, D. & Platenkamp, V. (2012), Key Concepts in Tourism Research, London: Sage.10.4135/9781473914674Search in Google Scholar

Braun, E. & Zenker, S. (2010), Towards an Integrated Approach for Place Brand Management, Paper presented at the 50th European Regional Science Association Congress, 19–23 August, Jönköping, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, T. J.; Dacin, P. A.; Pratt, M. G. & Whetten, D. A. (2006), ‘Identity, intended image, construed image, and reputation: an interdisciplinary framework and suggested terminology,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 34 no. 2, pp. 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009207030528496910.1177/0092070305284969Search in Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. (2012), Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five approaches, London: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Cuba, L. & Hummon, D. M. (1993), ‘A place to call home: Identification with dwelling, community, and region,’ The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 111–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00133.x10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00133.xSearch in Google Scholar

Dinnie, K. (2008), Nation Branding: Concepts, issues, practice, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.Search in Google Scholar

Elliot, S.; Papadopoulos, N. & Szamosi, L. (2013), ‘Studying place image: an interdisciplinary and holistic approach,’ Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.80028110.1080/13032917.2013.800281Search in Google Scholar

Endzina, I. & Luneva, L. (2004), ‘Development of a national branding strategy: The case of Latvia,’ Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.599000910.1057/palgrave.pb.5990009Search in Google Scholar

Erm, T. & Arengu, M. M. (2003), Development of a National Brand: The case of the Estonian brand project, Working paper, Riga: Stockholm School of Economics in Riga.Search in Google Scholar

Fetscherin, M. (2010), ‘The determinants and measurement of a country brand: the country brand strength index,’ International Marketing Review, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 466–479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0265133101105861710.1108/02651331011058617Search in Google Scholar

Folkes, V. S. (1988), ‘Recent attribution research in consumer behavior: A review and new directions,’ Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 548–565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/20913510.1086/209135Search in Google Scholar

Garcia, J. A; Gomez, M. & Molina, A. (2012), ‘A destination-branding model: An empirical analysis based on stakeholders,’ Tourism Management, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 646–661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.07.00610.1016/j.tourman.2011.07.006Search in Google Scholar

Gertner, D. (2011), ‘Unfolding and configuring two decades of research and publications on place marketing and place branding,’ Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pb.2011.710.1057/pb.2011.7Search in Google Scholar

Gilmore, F. (2002), ‘A country-can it be repositioned? Spain – the success story of country branding,’ The Journal of Brand Management, vol. 9, no. 4/5, pp. 281–293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.254007810.1057/palgrave.bm.2540078Search in Google Scholar

Govers, R. & Go, F. (2009), Place Branding: Virtual and Physical Identities, Glocal, Imagined and Experienced, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-0-230-24702-4Search in Google Scholar

Hall, D. (1999), ‘Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe,’ Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 227–237.10.1177/135676679900500303Search in Google Scholar

—— (2002), ‘Brand development, tourism and national identity: the re-imaging of former Yugoslavia,’ Journal of Brand Management, vol. 9, nos. 4/5, pp. 323–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.254008110.1057/palgrave.bm.2540081Search in Google Scholar

Hankinson, G. (2009), ‘Managing destination brands: establishing a theoretical foundation,’ Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 25, nos. 1–2, pp. 97–115.10.1362/026725709X410052Search in Google Scholar

Hsieh, H. F. & Shannon, S. E. (2005), ‘Three approaches to qualitative content analysis,’ Qualitative Health Research, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1277–1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973230527668710.1177/104973230527668716204405Search in Google Scholar

Hudson, S. & Ritchie, J. R. (2009), “Branding a Memorable Destination Experience. The Case of ‘Brand Canada’,” International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 217–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.72010.1002/jtr.720Search in Google Scholar

Kapferer, J. N. (2012), The New Strategic Brand Management: Advanced Insights and Strategic Thinking, 5th edition, London: Kogan Page.Search in Google Scholar

Kamakura, W. A. & Russell, G. J. (1993), ‘Measuring brand value with scanner data,’ International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(93)90030-310.1016/0167-8116(93)90030-3Search in Google Scholar

Kavaratzis, M. & Hatch, M. J. (2013), ‘The dynamics of place brands: An identitybased approach to place branding theory,’ Marketing Theory, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147059311246726810.1177/1470593112467268Search in Google Scholar

Keillor, B. D. & Hult, G. T. M. (1999), ‘A five-country study of national identity: implications for international marketing research and practice,’ International Marketing Review, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0265133991025765610.1108/02651339910257656Search in Google Scholar

Keller, K. (2008), Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity, 3rd edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Kleppe, I. A. & Mossberg, L. (2005), ‘Country Image: A Reflection of the Significance of the Other,’ Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 295–301.Search in Google Scholar

Kotler, P. & Gertner, D. (2002), ‘Country as brand, product, and beyond: a place marketing and brand management perspective,’ Journal of Brand Management, vol. 9, no. 4/5, pp. 249–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.254007610.1057/palgrave.bm.2540076Search in Google Scholar

Mayring, P. (2000), ‘Qualitative Content Analysis,’ Forum: Qualitative Social Research, vol. 1, no. 2 (June). Retrieved from http://www.qualitative-research. net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089/2385 [accessed 01 Mar 2011]Search in Google Scholar

Moilanen, T. & Rainisto, S. K. (2009), How to Brand Nations, Cities and Destinations: A Planning Book for Place Branding, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230584594Search in Google Scholar

Morgan, N.; Pritchard, A. & Piggott, R. (2002), ‘New Zealand, 100% pure. The creation of a powerful niche destination brand,’ Journal of Brand Management, vol. 9, no. 4/5, pp. 335–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.254008210.1057/palgrave.bm.2540082Search in Google Scholar

Morgan, N.; Pritchard, A. & Pride, R. (2002), Destination branding – Creating the unique destination proposition, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, A. M. (2013), Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations, New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203081976Search in Google Scholar

Myers, J. H. & Alpert, M. I. (1968), ‘Determinant buying attitudes: meaning and measurement,’ The Journal of Marketing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 13–20.10.2307/1249332Search in Google Scholar

Nebenzahl, I. D. & Jaffe, E. D. (1996), ‘Measuring the joint effect of brand and country image in consumer evaluation of global products,’ International Marketing Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0265133961012722010.1108/02651339610127220Search in Google Scholar

Nicoletta, R. & Servidio, R. (2012), “Tourists’ opinions and their selection of tourism destination images: An affective and motivational evaluation,” Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 4, pp. 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.04.00410.1016/j.tmp.2012.04.004Search in Google Scholar

Nikolova, M. S. & Hassan S. S. (2013), ‘Nation branding effects on retrospective global evaluation of past travel experiences,’ Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 752–758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.01410.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.014Search in Google Scholar

Papadopoulos, N. & Heslop, L. A. (2002), ‘Country equity and country branding: problems and prospects,’ Journal of Brand Management, vol. 9, no. 4/5, pp. 294–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.254007910.1057/palgrave.bm.2540079Search in Google Scholar

Patton, M. Q. (2002), Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd edition, Thousand Oaks: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Pike, S. (2002), ‘Destination image analysis: a review of 142 papers from 1973–2000,’ Tourism Management, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 541–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00005-510.1016/S0261-5177(02)00005-5Search in Google Scholar

—— (2004), Destination Marketing Organisations, Oxford: Elsevier.Search in Google Scholar

—— (2007), ‘Destination image literature: 2001–2007,’ Acta Turistica, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 107–125.Search in Google Scholar

—— (2012), ‘Destination positioning opportunities using personal values: Elicited through the Repertory Test with Laddering Analysis,’ Tourism Management, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.00810.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.008Search in Google Scholar

Pike, S. & Page, S. J. (2014), ‘Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature,’ Tourism Management, vol. 41, pp. 202–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.09.00910.1016/j.tourman.2013.09.009Search in Google Scholar

Roth, M. S. & Romeo, J. B. (1992), ‘Matching product category and country image perceptions: a framework for managing country-of-origin effects,’ Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 477–497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.849027610.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490276Search in Google Scholar

Same, S. (2012), ‘Country Branding and Experience Marketing: A Perspective on Sensemaking and Cognition Theories,’ Journal of International Scientific Publications: Economy & Business, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 286–303.Search in Google Scholar

Stokols, D. (1995), ‘The paradox of environmental psychology,’ American Psychologist, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 821–837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.10.82110.1037/0003-066X.50.10.821Search in Google Scholar

Szondi, G. (2007), ‘The role and challenges of country branding in transition countries: the Central and Eastern European experience,’ Journal of Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 3, pp. 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.600004410.1057/palgrave.pb.6000044Search in Google Scholar

Therkelsen, A. (2003), ‘Imaging Places: Image Formation of Tourists and Its Consequences for Destination Promotion,’ Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 134–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1502225031000310510.1080/15022250310003105Search in Google Scholar

Välisministeeriumi aastaraamat (2010), ‘The story of creating Brand Estonia,’ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbook, Tallinn: Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Search in Google Scholar

Warnaby, G. & Medway, D. (2013), “What about the ‘place’ in place marketing?” Marketing Theory, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 345–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147059311349299210.1177/1470593113492992Search in Google Scholar

Wetzel, F. (2006), ‘Brand England,’ Place Branding, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 144–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.599005210.1057/palgrave.pb.5990052Search in Google Scholar

Yin, R. K. (2009), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 4th edition, Thousand Oaks & London: Sage. Search in Google Scholar