[1. AlAbdulwahab S.S., Kachanathu S.J., AlMotairi M.S. (2017) Smartphone use addiction can cause neck disability. Musculoskeletal Care,15(1): 10-12.10.1002/msc.117028105706]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Auvinen J,. Tammelin T., Taimela S., Zitting P., Karppinen J. (2007) Neck and shoulder pains in relation to physical activity and sedentary activities in adolescence. Spine, 32(9): 1038-1044.10.1097/01.brs.0000261349.94823.c117450080]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Balcı S., Ayhan B.A. (2007) survey on internet uses and gratificitions of university schools. J. Selçuk Commun., 5(1): 174-197.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Berolo S., Wells R.P., Amick B.C. (2011) Musculoskeletal symptoms among mobile hand-held device users and their relationship to device use: A preliminary study in a Canadian University Population. Appl. Ergon., 42(2): 371-378.10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.01020833387]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Caglar E., Bilgili N., Karaca A., Deliceoglu G. (2017) Screen time differences among Turkish university students as indicator for sedentary lifestyle and inactivity. Croat. J. Educ., 19(4): 1105-1130.10.15516/cje.v19i4.2462]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Cakır F., Demir B.N. (2014) A Study on determining preferences of university students’ purchasing smartphone. Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 29(1): 213-243.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Chau J.Y., Daley M., Dunn S., Srinivasan A., Do A., Bauman A.E., van der Ploeg H.P. (2014) The effectiveness of sit-stand workstations for changing office workers’ sitting time: results from the Stand@Work randomized controlled trial pilot. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.,11: 127. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-014-0127-7.10.1186/s12966-014-0127-7419436425291960]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Craig C.L., Marshall A.L., Sjöström M., Bauman A.E., Booth M.L., Ainsworth B.E., Pratt M., Ekelund U., Yngve A., Sallis J.F., Oja P. (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 35(8): 1381-1395.10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB12900694]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Guan X., Fan G., Chen Z., Zeng Y., Zhang H., Hu A., Gu G., Wu X., Gu X., He S. (2016) Gender difference in mobile phone use and the impact of digital device exposure on neck posture. Ergonomics, 59(11): 1453-1461.10.1080/00140139.2016.114761427046745]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Hakala P.T., Rimpelä A.H., Saarni L.A., Salminen J.J. (2006) Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. Eur. J. Public Health, 16(5): 536-541.10.1093/eurpub/ckl02516524936]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Hakala P.T., Saarni L., Ketola R., Rahkola E.T., Salminen J.J., Rimpelä A.H. (2010) Computer-associated health complaints and sources of ergonomic instructions in computer-related issues among Finnish adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 10: 11. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-11.10.1186/1471-2458-10-11283629420064250]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Hakala P.T., Saarni L.A., Punamäki R.L., Wallenius M.A., Nygård C.H., Rimpelä A.H. (2012) Musculoskeletal symptoms and computer use among Finnish adolescents-pain intensity and inconvenience to everyday life: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,13(1): 41.10.1186/1471-2474-13-41]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Haskell W.L., Lee I.M., Pate R.R., Powell K.E., Blair S.N., Franklin B.A., Macera C.A., Heath G.W., Thompson P.D., Bauman A. (2007) Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39(8): 1423-1434.10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b2717762377]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Holth H.S., Werpen H.K.B., Zwart J.A., Hagen K. (2008) Physical inactivity is associated with chronic musculoskeletal complaints 11 years later: results from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders., 9(1): 159.10.1186/1471-2474-9-159]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Iannotti R.J., Kogan M.D., Janssen I., Boyce W.F. (2009) Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the US and Canada. J. Adolesc. Health, 44(5): 493-499.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.10.142270599019380098]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Jenkins M., Menéndez C.C., Amick B.C., Tullar J., Hupert N., Robertson M.M., Katz J.N. (2007) Undergraduate college students’ upper extremity symptoms and functional limitations related to computer use: a replication study. Work, 28(3): 231-238.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Karaarslan I.A., Budak L. (2012) Research on the use of mobile phone features by university students and its impact on their communication practices in everyday life. Journal of Yasar University, 26(7): 4548-4571.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Karaca A., Ergen E., Koruç Z. (2000) The reliability of and the validity of the physical activity assessment questionnarie (PAAQ). Hacettepe J. Sport Sci., 11(1): 17-28.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Kelly G., Dockrell S., Galvin R. (2009) Computer use at school: its effect on posture in discomfort in schoolchildren. Work, 32: 321-328.10.3233/WOR-2009-083019369724]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Kızar O., Kargün M., Togo O.T., Biner M., Pala A. (2016) The Examining of The Physical Activity Level of The University Students. Marmara University J. Sport Sci., 1(1): 61-72.10.22396/sbd.2016.6]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Kim G.Y., Ahn C.S., Jeon H.W. (2012) Effects of the use of smartphones on pain and muscle fatigue in the upper extremity. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 24(12): 1255-1258.10.1589/jpts.24.1255]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Kim H.J., Kim J.S. (2015) The relationship between smartphone use and subjective musculoskeletal symptoms and university students. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 27(3): 575-579.10.1589/jpts.27.575439566825931684]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Kuyucu M. (2017) Use of smartphone and problematic of smart phone addiction in young people: “smart phone (Colic)” University Youth. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(14): 328-359.]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Milde-Busch A., von Kries R., Thomas S., Heinrich S., Straube A., Radon K. (2010) The association between use of electronic media and prevalence of headache in adolescents: results from a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol., 10: 12. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-12.10.1186/1471-2377-10-12283466420144204]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Myrtveit S.M., Sivertsen B., Skogen J.C., Frostholm L., Stormark K.M., Hysing M. (2014) Adolescent neck and shoulder pain - the association with depression, physical activity, screen-based activities, and use of health care services. J. Adolesc. Health, 55(3): 366-372.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.01624746679]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Noack-Cooper K.L., Sommerich C.M., Mirka G.A. (2009) College students and computers: Assessment of usage patterns and musculoskeletal discomfort. Work, 32(3): 285-298.10.3233/WOR-2009-082719369721]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Noyan C.O., Enez Darcın A., Nurmedov S., Yılmaz S., Dilbaz N. (2015) Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale-short version among university students. Anatolian J. Psychiatry, 16: 73-81.10.5455/apd.176101]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Olcucu B., Vatansever S., Ozcan G., Celik A., Paktaş Y. (2015) The relationship between depression, anxiety and physical activity level among university students. Int. J. Turkish Educ. Sci., 294-303.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Ozkocak Y. (2016) Turkish smartphone users’ mobile application preferences for recreation. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 6(12): 106-130.]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Ozturk M. (2005) A research on reliability and validity of international physical activity questionnaire and determination of physical activity level in university students. Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences Nutritional Sciences Program. MSc Thesis. Ankara: Hacettepe University.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Park N., Lee H. (2012) Social implications of smartphone use: Korean college students’ smartphone use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 15(9): 491-497. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0580.10.1089/cyber.2011.058022817650]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Park J., Kim J., Kim J., Kim K., Kim N., Choi I., Lee S., Yim J. (2015) The effects of heavy smartphone use on the cervical angle, pain threshold of neck muscles and depression. Adv. Sci. Technol. Lett., 91: 12-17.10.14257/astl.2015.91.03]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Pew Research Center. (2016) Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. www.pewresearch.org. (accessed 25.02.2018).]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Savcı S., Oztürk M., Arıkan H., İnal D., Tokgozoglu L. (2006) Physical activity levels of university students. Arch. Turk. Soc. Cardiol., 34(3): 166-172.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Shan Z., Deng G., Li J., Li Y., Zhang Y. (2013) Correlation analysis of neck/shoulder pain and low back pain with the use of digital products, physical activity and psychological status among adolescents in Shanghai. PLos One, 8(10): 78-109.10.1371/journal.pone.0078109]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Silva G.R., Pitangui A.C., Xavier M.K., Correia-Júnior M.A., De Araújo R.C. (2016) Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in adolescents and association with computer and videogame use. J. Pediatr. (Rio J)., 92(2): 188-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2015.06.006.10.1016/j.jped.2015.06.00626738891]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Szerla M., Ortenburger D., Kluszczyński M., Wyszomierska J. (2017) Exercise and psychological factors in low back pain. Physical Activity Review., 5: 6-9.10.16926/par.2017.05.02]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Todd A.I., Bennett A.I., Christie C.J. (2007) Physical implications of prolonged sitting in a confined posture-a literature review. Ergonomics SA: Journal of the Ergonomics Society of South Africa, 19(2): 7-21.]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2015). TurkStat, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage Survey in Households and Individuals, 2015 [Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması, 2015]. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18660 (accessed 23.8.2018).]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2016a). Turkey Health Interview Survey 2016 [Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması. 2016]. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1095 (accessed 25.02.2018).]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2016b). TurkStat, Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage Survey in Households and by Individuals, 2016 [Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanımaraştırması 2016]. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21779 (accessed 22.8.2018).]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Individuals using the computer and Internet in the last 3 months by age groups and sex, 2004-2018. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage in Households and by Individuals. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1028 (accessed 10.08.2018). 43. Vassigh G. (2012) Evaluation of physical activity level sand healthy nutritional index of university students. Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences Nutritional Sciences Program. MSc Thesis. Ankara: Hacettepe University.]Search in Google Scholar
[44. World Health Organization (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva; Switzerland.]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Xie Y., Szeto G.P., Dai J., Madeleine P.A. (2016) Comparison of muscle activity in using touchscreen smartphone among young people with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain. Ergonomics, 59(1): 61-72.10.1080/00140139.2015.105623726218600]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Yagcı N., Calık B.B. (2014) Investigation of effect of using desktop computers on neck pain in university students. J. Occup. Ther. Rehabil., 2(2): 65-72.]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Yılmazsoy B., Kahraman M. (2017) Addiction to social media and usage of the social media for educational purposes: the facebook example [Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile sosyal medyayı eğitsel amaçlı kullanımları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Facebook örneği]. Journal of Instructional Technologies & Teacher Education., 6(1): 9-20.]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Zapata A.L., Moraes A.J., Leone C., Doria-Filho U., Silva C.A. (2006) Pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes related to computer and video game use in adolescents. Eur, J, Pediatr., 165(6): 408-414.10.1007/s00431-005-0018-716552547]Search in Google Scholar