<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>To date, limited information exists on the distribution of endocrine disrupting compounds in groundwater resources from African rural settlements. In view of this knowledge gap, the present study investigated the concentrations and potential health risks of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in underground water samples obtained from eight rural settlements in Nigeria, West Africa. The water samples were obtained from domestic drinkable communal wells at Anambra (Mgbaukwu and Umudioka), Lagos (Bariga, Itire and Mushin), and Delta (Agbarho, Ikweghwu and Orhokpokpor) states representing the South-East, South-West and South-South Nigeria respectively. Samples were analyzed for 10 selected chlorinated, nitrogen-containing and alkyl phenolic compounds using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector technique. At all understudied sites, selected phenolic compounds with the exception of 2-chlorophenol which was below detectable limits at 4 sites (Agbarho, Mgbaukwu, Umudioka site 1 and Mushin) were detected. The concentrations of the phenolic compounds in the samples from the different sites ranged between below detectable limits to 0.0904 ppm. Nonylphenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were predominant at EDCs in most sites when compared with the other phenolic contaminants. The calculated chronic daily intake (CDI) results for the exposed populations at the communities implies that the level of occurrence and daily intake of 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-chlorophenol and bisphenol A were still below their respective oral reference doses. Nonylphenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (risk quotient, RQ > 1) were identified as the major EDC contributors to potential health risk for exposed populations at the communities.</p></abstract>

To date, limited information exists on the distribution of endocrine disrupting compounds in groundwater resources from African rural settlements. In view of this knowledge gap, the present study investigated the concentrations and potential health risks of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in underground water samples obtained from eight rural settlements in Nigeria, West Africa. The water samples were obtained from domestic drinkable communal wells at Anambra (Mgbaukwu and Umudioka), Lagos (Bariga, Itire and Mushin), and Delta (Agbarho, Ikweghwu and Orhokpokpor) states representing the South-East, South-West and South-South Nigeria respectively. Samples were analyzed for 10 selected chlorinated, nitrogen-containing and alkyl phenolic compounds using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector technique. At all understudied sites, selected phenolic compounds with the exception of 2-chlorophenol which was below detectable limits at 4 sites (Agbarho, Mgbaukwu, Umudioka site 1 and Mushin) were detected. The concentrations of the phenolic compounds in the samples from the different sites ranged between below detectable limits to 0.0904 ppm. Nonylphenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were predominant at EDCs in most sites when compared with the other phenolic contaminants. The calculated chronic daily intake (CDI) results for the exposed populations at the communities implies that the level of occurrence and daily intake of 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-chlorophenol and bisphenol A were still below their respective oral reference doses. Nonylphenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (risk quotient, RQ > 1) were identified as the major EDC contributors to potential health risk for exposed populations at the communities.

Occurrence and risk assessment of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in shallow groundwater resource from selected Nigerian rural settlements

National Biotechnology Development Agency

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

To date, limited information exists on the distribution of endocrine disrupting compounds in groundwater resources from African rural settlements. In view of...

Occurrence and risk assessment of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in shallow groundwater resource from selected Nigerian rural settlements

Published Online: Nov 26, 2019

Page range: 101 - 107

Received: Aug 28, 2019

Accepted: Nov 12, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2019-0018

Keywords
endocrine disrupting chemicals, phenolic compounds, water, risk assessment

© 2019 Onyekachi Onyekwere et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Occurrence and risk assessment of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in shallow groundwater resource from selected Nigerian rural settlements

Published Online: Nov 26, 2019

Page range: 101 - 107

Received: Aug 28, 2019

Accepted: Nov 12, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2019-0018

Keywordsendocrine disrupting chemicals, phenolic compounds, water, risk assessment

© 2019 Onyekachi Onyekwere et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
endocrine disrupting chemicals, phenolic compounds, water, risk assessment