Structural Diversity and Biochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Aflatoxins

1. Abbas, H., J. Wilkinson, R. Zablotowicz, C. Accinelli, C. Abel, H. Bruns, and M. Weaver. (2009). Ecology of Aspergillus flavus, regulation of aflatoxin production, and management strategies to reduce aflatoxin contamination of corn. Toxin Reviews. 28 (2-3), 142-15310.1080/15569540903081590Search in Google Scholar

2. Abbas, H. K., M. A. Weaver, R. M. Zablotowicz, B. W. Horn, and W. T. Shier. (2005). Relationships between aflatoxin production and sclerotia formation among isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi from the Mississippi Delta. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 112 (3), 283-28710.1007/s10658-004-4888-8Search in Google Scholar

3. Afshar, P., M. Shokrzadeh, S. Kalhori, Z. Babaee, and S. Saeedi Saravi. (2013). Occurrence of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Sari, Iran. Food Control. 31 (2), 525-52910.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.009Search in Google Scholar

4. Agag, B. (2004). Mycotoxins in foods and feeds: 1-aflatoxins. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. 7 (1), 173-205Search in Google Scholar

5. Ali, S., A. Malik, M. Shahid, and R. Bhargava. (2013). Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Aflatoxins in Chronic Lung Diseases. Mycopathologia. 176 (3-4), 287-294 10.1007/s11046-013-9690-823948964Search in Google Scholar

6. Alinezhad, S., M. Tolouee, A. Kamalzadeh, A. Motalebi, M. Nazeri, M. Yasemi, M. Shams-Ghahfarokhi, R. Tolouei, and M. Razzaghi- Abyaneh. (2011). Mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 contamination of rainbow trout (Oncorhinchus mykiss) feed with emphasis to Aspergillus section Flavi. Iranian Journal of fisheries. 10 (3), 363-374Search in Google Scholar

7. Allcroft, R., H. Rogers, and G. Lewis. (1966). Metabolism of Aflatoxin in Sheep: Excretion of theMilk Toxin'. Nature. 209 154-15510.1038/209154a05912423Search in Google Scholar

8. Arana, S., V. Alves, M. Sabino, Y. Tabata, S. Nonogaki, M.-L. Zaidan-Dagli, and F. Hernandez-Blazquez. (2014). Immunohistochemical Evidence for Myofibroblast-like Cells Associated with Liver Injury Induced by Aflatoxin B1 in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of comparative pathology. 150 (2), 258-26510.1016/j.jcpa.2013.07.00324016778Search in Google Scholar

9. Bennett, J. W., and M. Klich. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16 (3), 497-49910.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.200316422012857779Search in Google Scholar

10. Bhatnagar, D., J. Yu, and K. C. Ehrlich. (2002). Toxins of filamentous fungi. Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity. 81 167-20610.1159/00005886712102001Search in Google Scholar

11. Bilandžić, N., I. Varenina, and B. Solomun. (2010). Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Croatia. Food Control. 21 (9), 1279-128110.1016/j.foodcont.2010.03.003Search in Google Scholar

12. Blount, W. (1961). Turkey “X” disease. Turkeys. 9 (2), 52-55Search in Google Scholar

13. Campone, L., A. L. Piccinelli, R. Celano, M. Russo, and L. Rastrelli. (2013). Rapid analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 405 (26), 8645-5210.1007/s00216-013-7277-323942569Search in Google Scholar

14. Carvalho, K., G. Goncalves, A. Lopes, E. Santos, E. Vargas, and W. Magalhães. (2012). Modelling uncertainty estimation for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by visual and densitometric thin-layer chromatography with immunoaffinity column clean-up. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 29 (4), 679-69310.1080/19440049.2011.648959Search in Google Scholar

15. Cavaliere, C., P. Foglia, C. Guarino, F. Marzioni, M. Nazzari, R. Samperi, and A. Laganà. (2006). Aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1135 (2), 135-14110.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.048Search in Google Scholar

16. Chanda, A., L. V. Roze, S. Kang, K. A. Artymovich, G. R. Hicks, N. V. Raikhel, A. M. Calvo, and J. E. Linz. (2009). A key role for vesicles in fungal secondary metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (46), 19533-1953810.1073/pnas.0907416106Search in Google Scholar

17. Chen, J., K. Chen, S. Yuan, X. Peng, J. Fang, F. Wang, H. Cui, Z. Chen, J. Yuan, and Y. Geng. (2013). Effects of aflatoxin B1 on oxidative stress markers and apoptosis of spleens in broilers. Toxicology and industrial health. 0748233713500819Search in Google Scholar

18. Cleveland, T. E., P. F. Dowd, A. E. Desjardins, D. Bhatnagar, and P. J. Cotty. (2003). United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops. Pest Management Science. 59 (6-7), 629-64210.1002/ps.724Search in Google Scholar

19. Creppy, E. E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters. 127 (1-3), 19-2810.1016/S0378-4274(01)00479-9Search in Google Scholar

20. Cucci, C., A. Mignani, C. Dall’Asta, R. Pela, and A. Dossena. (2007). A portable fluorometer for the rapid screening of M1 aflatoxin. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 126 (2), 467-47210.1016/j.snb.2007.03.036Search in Google Scholar

21. David , J.P., F. Peter Guengerich, and J. O. Miners. (2005). “Phase I and Phase II” drug metabolism: terminology that we should phase out? Drug metabolism reviews. 37 (4), 575-580Search in Google Scholar

22. De Iongh, H., R. Vles, and J. Van Pelt. (1964). Milk of mammals fed an aflatoxin-containing diet. Nature. 202 466-46710.1038/202466a014167827Search in Google Scholar

23. Deshpande, S.(2002). Handbook of food toxicology.Translated by CRC Press. Original edition.10.1201/9780203908969Search in Google Scholar

24. Desjardins, A. E.(2006). Fusarium mycotoxins: chemistry, genetics, and biology.Translated by American Phytopathological Society (APS Press). Original edition. 25. Diaz, G. J., H. W. Murcia, and R. Guevara-González. (2011). Biotransformation of aflatoxin B1 and its relationship with the differential toxicological response to aflatoxin in commercial poultry species. Aflatoxins-Biochem. Mol. Biol. Rijeka, Croacia: InTech.Search in Google Scholar

26. Eaton, D. L., T. K. Bammler, and E. J. Kelly. (2001). Interindividual differences in response to chemoprotection against aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: Implications for human biotransformation enzyme polymorphisms. Biological Reactive Intermediates Vi. 500 559-57610.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_8511764998Search in Google Scholar

27. Eaton, D. L., and E. P. Gallagher. (1994). Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 34 (1), 135-17210.1146/annurev.pa.34.040194.0010318042848Search in Google Scholar

28. Ehrlich, K. C., B. G. Montalbano, and P. J. Cotty. (2003). Sequence comparison of aflR from different Aspergillus species provides evidence for variability in regulation of aflatoxin production. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 38 (1), 63-7410.1016/S1087-1845(02)00509-1Search in Google Scholar

29. E. Commission.(2006).Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.Bruxelles: © European Union, 1998-2014 Search in Google Scholar

30. Fallah, A. A. (2010). Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in central part of Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48 (3), 988-99110.1016/j.fct.2010.01.014Search in Google Scholar

31. Fallah, A. A., T. Jafari, A. Fallah, and M. Rahnama. (2009). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in Iranian white and cream cheese. Food and chemical toxicology. 47 (8), 1872-187510.1016/j.fct.2009.04.042Search in Google Scholar

32. Fetaih, H. A., A. A. Dessouki, A. A. Hassanin, and A. S. Tahan. (2014). Toxopathological and Cytogenetic effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on pregnant rats. Pathology-Research and Practice.10.1016/j.prp.2014.06.001Search in Google Scholar

33. Fiala, J. L., P. A. Egner, N. Wiriyachan, M. Ruchirawat, K. H. Kensler, G. N. Wogan, J. D. Groopman, R. G. Croy, and J. M. Essigmann. (2011). Sulforaphane-mediated reduction of aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine in rat liver DNA: impacts of strain and sex. Toxicological Sciences. 121 (1), 57-6210.1093/toxsci/kfr026Search in Google Scholar

34. Gallagher, E., L. Wienkers, P. Stapleton, K. Kunze, and D. Eaton. (1994). Role of human microsomal and human complementary DNA-expressed cytochromes P4501A2 and P4503A4 in the bioactivation of aflatoxin B1. Cancer research. 54 (1), 101-108Search in Google Scholar

35. Gan, N., J. Zhou, P. Xiong, F. Hu, Y. Cao, T. Li, and Q. Jiang. (2013). An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for aflatoxin M1 in milk, based on extraction by magnetic graphene and detection by antibody-labeled CdTe quantumn dots-carbon nanotubes nanocomposite. Toxins (Basel). 5 (5), 865-8310.3390/toxins5050865Search in Google Scholar

36. Georgianna, D. R., and G. A. Payne. (2009). Genetic regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: from gene to genome. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 46 (2), 113-12510.1016/j.fgb.2008.10.011Search in Google Scholar

37. Gross-Steinmeyer, K., and D. L. Eaton. (2012). Dietary modulation of the biotransformation and genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1. Toxicology. 299 (2), 69-7910.1016/j.tox.2012.05.016Search in Google Scholar

38. Guengerich, F. P., W. W. Johnson, T. Shimada, Y.-F. Ueng, H. Yamazaki, and S. Langouët. (1998). Activation and detoxication of aflatoxin B1. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 402 (1), 121-12810.1016/S0027-5107(97)00289-3Search in Google Scholar

39. Gürbay, A., S. A. Sabuncuoğlu, G. Girgin, G. Sahin, S. Yiğit, M. Yurdakök, and G. Tekinalp. (2010). Exposure of newborns to aflatoxin M1 and B 1 from mothers’ breast milk in Ankara, Turkey. Food and chemical toxicology. 48 (1), 314-31910.1016/j.fct.2009.10.01619850097Search in Google Scholar

40. Han, Z., Y. Zheng, L. Luan, Z. Cai, Y. Ren, and Y. Wu. (2010). An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in traditional Chinese medicines. Analytica chimica acta. 664 (2), 165-171 10.1016/j.aca.2010.02.00920363399Search in Google Scholar

41. Hashemi, M., Z. Taherimaslak, and S. Rashidi. (2014). Enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk after magnetic solid phase extraction. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 128 583-9010.1016/j.saa.2014.02.10824691373Search in Google Scholar

42. He, J., K. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Ding, G. Feng, and X. Ao. (2013). Effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, blood profiles and hepatic histopathology in ducks. Livestock Science. 152 (2), 192-19910.1016/j.livsci.2012.12.019Search in Google Scholar

43. Herzallah, S., K. Alshawabkeh, and A. A. Fataftah. (2008). Aflatoxin Decontamination of Artificially Contaminated Feeds by Sunlight, γ- Radiation, and Microwave Heating. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 17 (4), 515-52110.3382/japr.2007-00107Search in Google Scholar

44. Huang, L., N. Zheng, B. Zheng, F. Wen, J. Cheng, R. Han, X. Xu, S. Li, and J. Wang. (2014). Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin M 1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and α-zearalenol in milk by UHPLC- MS/MS. Food chemistry. 146 242-24910.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.04724176338Search in Google Scholar

45. Hussain, Z., M. Z. Khan, A. Khan, I. Javed, M. K. Saleemi, S. Mahmood, and M. R. Asi. (2010). Residues of aflatoxin B1 in broiler meat: Effect of age and dietary aflatoxin B1 levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48 (12), 3304-330710.1016/j.fct.2010.08.01620728501Search in Google Scholar

46. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , World Health Organization , and International Agency for Research on Cancer (2002). Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene: Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene.Translated by World Health Organization. Original edition.Search in Google Scholar

47. Kamkar, A. (2006). A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in Iranian Feta cheese. Food Control. 17 (10), 768-77510.1016/j.foodcont.2005.04.018Search in Google Scholar

48. Kanungo, L., S. Pal, and S. Bhand. (2011). Miniaturised hybrid immunoassay for high sensitivity analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 26 (5), 2601-260610.1016/j.bios.2010.11.01421145226Search in Google Scholar

49. Kav, K., R. Col, and K. Kaan Tekinsen. (2011). Detection of aflatoxin M1 levels by ELISA in white-brined Urfa cheese consumed in Turkey. Food Control. 22 (12), 1883-188610.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.030Search in Google Scholar

50. Kensler, T. W., B. D. Roebuck, G. N. Wogan, and J. D. Groopman. (2011). Aflatoxin: a 50-year odyssey of mechanistic and translational toxicology. Toxicological Sciences. 120 (suppl 1), S28-S4810.1093/toxsci/kfq283304308420881231Search in Google Scholar

51. Ketney, O., T. Ovidiu, and T. Mihaela (2010). Variation of aflatoxin M1 in milk at different doses of ultraviolet radiation. In Integrated systems for agri-food production (SIPA 11): ISBN 978-615-5097-26-3^,2010. Search in Google Scholar

52. Kirby, G., C. Wolf, G. Neal, D. Judah, C. Henderson, P. Srivatanakul, and C. Wild. (1993). In vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by normal and tumorous liver tissue from Thailand. Carcinogenesis. 14 (12), 2613-262010.1093/carcin/14.12.26138269634Search in Google Scholar

53. Klich, M. A. (2002). Biogeography of Aspergillus species in soil and litter. Mycologia. 94 (1), 21-2710.2307/3761842Search in Google Scholar

54. Klich, M. A. (2007). Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin. Molecular plant pathology. 8 (6), 713-72210.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00436.x20507532Search in Google Scholar

55. Kumar, M., V. Verma, R. Nagpal, A. Kumar, P. Behare, B. Singh, and P. Aggarwal. (2012). Anticarcinogenic effect of probiotic fermented milk and chlorophyllin on aflatoxin-B1-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats. British Journal of Nutrition. 107 (07), 1006-101610.1017/S000711451100395321816119Search in Google Scholar

56. Larsson, P., and H. Tjälve. (2000). Intranasal instillation of aflatoxin B1 in rats: bioactivation in the nasal mucosa and neuronal transport to the olfactory bulb. Toxicological Sciences. 55 (2), 383-39110.1093/toxsci/55.2.38310828271Search in Google Scholar

57. Li, P., Q. Zhang, and W. Zhang. (2009). Immunoassays for aflatoxins. TrAC trends in analytical chemistry. 28 (9), 1115-112610.1016/j.trac.2009.07.003Search in Google Scholar

58. Li, P., Y. Zhang, H.-t. Lei, H. Wang, Z.-l. Xu, Y.-d. Shen, Y.-m. Sun, J. Pang, and J.-y. Yang. (2014). Development of chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk products. Food and Agricultural Immunology. (ahead-of-print), 1-13Search in Google Scholar

59. Logrieco, A., G. Mule, A. Moretti, and A. Bottalico. (2002). Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with maize ear rot in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 108 (7), 597-60910.1023/A:1020679029993Search in Google Scholar

60. Machida, M., K. Asai, M. Sano, T. Tanaka, T. Kumagai, G. Terai, K.-I. Kusumoto, T. Arima, O. Akita, and Y. Kashiwagi. (2005). Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae. Nature. 438 (7071), 1157-116110.1038/nature0430016372010Search in Google Scholar

61. Magnoli, A., M. Monge, R. Miazzo, L. Cavaglieri, C. Magnoli, C. Merkis, A. Cristofolini, A. Dalcero, and S. Chiacchiera. (2011). Effect of low levels of aflatoxin B1 on performance, biochemical parameters, and aflatoxin B1 in broiler liver tissues in the presence of monensin and sodium bentonite. Poultry science. 90 (1), 48-5810.3382/ps.2010-0097121177443Search in Google Scholar

62. Micheli, L., R. Grecco, M. Badea, D. Moscone, and G. Palleschi. (2005). An electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin M1 determination in milk using screen-printed electrodes. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 21 (4), 588-59610.1016/j.bios.2004.12.01716202872Search in Google Scholar

63. Nguyen, B. H., L. D. Tran, Q. P. Do, H. L. Nguyen, N. H. Tran, and P. X. Nguyen. (2013). Label-free detection of aflatoxin M1 with electrochemical Fe3O4 polyaniline-based aptasensor. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 33 (4), 2229-223410.1016/j.msec.2013.01.04423498252Search in Google Scholar

64. Paniel, N., A. Radoi, and J.-L. Marty. (2010). Development of an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Sensors. 10 (10), 9439-944810.3390/s101009439323098122163418Search in Google Scholar

65. Park, D. L. (2002). "Effect of processing on aflatoxin." In Mycotoxins and Food Safety, 173-179. Springer. 66. Rameil, S., P. Schubert, P. Grundmann, R. Dietrich, and E. Märtlbauer. (2010). Use of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid as electron donating compound in a potentiometric aflatoxin M 1- immunosensor. Analytica chimica acta. 661 (1), 122-12710.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_1711922084Search in Google Scholar

67. Raphaël, K. J., N. Ferdinand, T. Hervé, T. C. D'alex, S. Y. Roméo, T. Alexis, and G. G. J. Benoit. (2014). Effect of Biocharcoals on Hematological, Serum Biochemical and Histological Parameters in Broiler Chickens Fed Aflatoxin B1-Contaminated Diets. Journal of Animal Science Advances. 4 (7), 68. Richard, J. L. (2007). Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-An overview. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 119 (1-2), 3-10Search in Google Scholar

69. Sarter, S., and N. Zakhia. (2004). Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent assays as innovative prospects for mycotoxin determination in food and feed. Luminescence. 19 (6), 345-5110.1002/bio.79115558672Search in Google Scholar

70. Schmidt-Heydt, M., A. Abdel-Hadi, N. Magan, and R. Geisen. (2009). Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature. International journal of food microbiology. 135 (3), 231-23710.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.02619699547Search in Google Scholar

71. Shyamal, S., P. Latha, S. Suja, V. Shine, G. Anuja, S. Sini, S. Pradeep, P. Shikha, and S. Rajasekharan. (2010). Hepatoprotective effect of three herbal extracts on aflatoxin B1-intoxicated rat liver. Singapore medical journal. 51 (4), 326-331Search in Google Scholar

72. Troxel, C. M., A. P. Reddy, P. E. O'Neal, J. D. Hendricks, and G. S. Bailey. (1997). In VivoAflatoxin B1Metabolism and Hepatic DNA Adduction in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 143 (1), 213-22010.1006/taap.1996.80589073610Search in Google Scholar

73. Vdovenko, M. M., C.-C. Lu, F.-Y. Yu, and I. Y. Sakharov. (2014). Development of ultrasensitive direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Food chemistry. 158 310-31410.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.12824731347Search in Google Scholar

74. Wan, X., Z. Yang, W. Yang, S. Jiang, G. Zhang, S. Johnston, and F. Chi. (2013). Toxicity of increasing aflatoxin B1 concentrations from contaminated corn with or without clay adsorbent supplementation in ducklings. Poultry science. 92 (5), 1244-125310.3382/ps.2012-0274823571334Search in Google Scholar

75. Wang, Y., X. Liu, C. Xiao, Z. Wang, J. Wang, H. Xiao, L. Cui, Q. Xiang, and T. Yue. (2012). HPLC determination of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk and milk powder using solid phase extraction on OASIS HLB. Food Control. 28 (1), 131-13410.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.037Search in Google Scholar

76. Wu, F., J. D. Groopman, and J. J. Pestka. (2014). Public health impacts of foodborne mycotoxins. Annual review of food science and technology. 5 351-37210.1146/annurev-food-030713-09243124422587Search in Google Scholar

77. Wu, F., and H. Guclu. (2012). Aflatoxin regulations in a network of global maize trade. PloS one. 7 (9), e4515110.1371/journal.pone.0045151345802923049773Search in Google Scholar

78. Yabe, K., and H. Nakajima. (2004). Enzyme reactions and genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 64 (6), 745-75510.1007/s00253-004-1566-x15022028Search in Google Scholar

79. Yabe, K., M. Nakamura, and T. Hamasaki. (1999). Enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins and biosynthetic relationship between G- and B-group aflatoxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65 (9), 3867-387210.1128/AEM.65.9.3867-3872.19999971310473388Search in Google Scholar

80. Yu, J. (2003). "Genetics and biochemistry of mycotoxins synthesis." In Handbook of Fungal Biotechnology, edited by D. K. Arora. Taylor & Francis.10.1201/9780203913369.ch30Search in Google Scholar

81. Yunus, A. W., E. Razzazi-Fazeli, and J. Bohm. (2011). Aflatoxin B1 in affecting broiler’s performance, immunity, and gastrointestinal tract: A review of history and contemporary issues. Toxins. 3 (6), 566-590 10.3390/toxins3060566320284622069726Search in Google Scholar