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Introduction
The Riemannian geometry of complex contact manifolds has been studied since 1970s. In the early 1980s some important developments were presented by Ishihara-Konishi. They obtained the normality conditions and curvature properties [9, 10]. Due to some important features that are different from real contact geometry, in 2000s some researchers have taken their attention to this notion. Blair, Korkmaz and Foreman gave results for the Riemannian geometry of complex contact manifolds [2,4,5,8,12]. Also two of presented authors examined curvature and symmetry notions [15, 16].
In Riemannian geometry the notion of connection gives information about transporting data along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. Affine connections and Levi-Civita connections are commonly used for to understand the geometry of manifolds. Levi-Civita connection is symmetric, i.e, has zero torsion, and also it is metric, i.e, the covariant derivation of metric vanish. In recent years some different connections were defined and worked on manifolds. One of them is semi symmetric metric connection. This type of connection were defined by Hayden and this was developed by Yano [13].
Blair and Molina [4], proved that a normal complex contact metric manifold could not be conformal flat. Also Turgut Vanlı and Unal, prove that, concircular, quasi-conformal, and conharmonic curvature tensors do not vanish on any normal complex contact metric manifold [16].
In this paper, we study on normal complex contact metric manifold with a semi symmetric metric connection. Firstly, we give some basic properties. Our starting point was the non-vanishing of special curvature tensors (conformal, concircular, quasi-conformal etc.) on normal complex contact manifolds with canonic connection. We research the flatness conditions of these special tensors on normal complex contact metric manifold with a semi symmetric metric connection. We proved that a normal complex contact metric manifold admitting the semi symmetric metric connection is not conformal flat, concircular flat and conharmonic flat. Finally we apply our results to complex-Heisenberg group as a well-known example of normal complex contact metric manifolds.
Preliminaries
In 1959 Kobyasahi [11] gave the definition of a complex contact manifold. A complex contact manifold is a (2m + 1) – complex dimensional complex manifold with a holomorphic 1 – form ω such that ω ∧ (dω)m ≠ = 0. ω is not globally defined. For an open covering by coordinate neighborhoods 𝒜 ={𝒪,𝒪′,...} of M, there is a non-vanishing λ : 𝒪 ∩ 𝒪′ → ℂ\{0} such that ω′ = λ ω. We have a subbbundle ℋ = kerω which is called the horizontal subbundle.
Complex almost contact structure on a complex contact manifold were given by Ishihara-Konishi [10]. For a Hermitian metric g and complex structure J, we have 1-forms u and v = u ○ J, with dual vector fields U and V = – JU, and (1, 1) tensor fields G and H = GJ such that
\matrix{{{H^2} = {G^2} = - I + u \otimes U + v \otimes V} \cr {GJ = - JG,\quad GU = 0,\quad g(X,GY) = - g(GX,Y),} \cr {g(U,X) = u(X), g\left( {U,U} \right) = 1.} \cr}
Also there are functions a and b on 𝒪 ∩ 𝒪′ ≠ = ∅ such that
\matrix{{{u^\prime} = au - bv,\quad {v^\prime} = bu + av,\;} \cr {{a^2} + {b^2} = 1,} \cr {{G^\prime} = aG - bH,\quad {H^\prime} = bG + aH.} \cr}
With these properties M is said to be a complex almost contact metric manifold.
On the other hand the verical subbundle of TM is spanned by U, V i.e 𝒱 = sp{U, V}. Thus we have TM ≅ ℋ ⊕ 𝒱. Also 2 – forms du,dv are defined as follow;
\matrix{{du(Z,T) = g(Z,GT) + (\sigma \wedge v)(Z,T),} \hfill \cr {dv(Z,T) = g(Z,HT) - (\sigma \wedge u)(Z,T)} \hfill \cr}
where σ(Z) = g(∇ZU,V) [10]. σ is called IK-connection [7]. Also if complex contact 1-form is globally defined then σ vanishes.
There are two normality notions for a complex almost contact metric manifold in literature. The fundamental difference between of these normality notions is to be a Kähler manifold. IK-tensors are given as below;
\matrix{{{\cal S}(Z,T) =} \hfill & {[G,G](Z,T) + 2g(Z,GT)U - 2g(Z,HT)V} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ \;2(v(T)HZ - v(Z)HT) + \sigma (GT)HZ} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- \;\sigma (GZ)HT + \sigma (Z)GHT - \sigma (T)GHZ,} \hfill \cr {{\cal T}(Z,T) =} \hfill & {[H,H](Z,T) - 2g(Z,GT)U + 2g(Z,HT)V} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ \;2(u(T)GZ - u(Z)GT) + \sigma (HZ)GT} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- \;\sigma (HT)GZ + \sigma (Z)GHZ - \sigma (T)GHZ} \hfill \cr}
where [G,G] and [H,H] denote the Nijenhuis tensors of G and H, respectively [9, 10]. If these two tensors vanishes identically then M is called IK-normal and an IK-Normal complex contact metric manifold is Kähler. But this definition does not contain normality of complex Heisenberg group. So Korkmaz [12] presented a weak definition for normality and the complex Heisenberg group is normal in this sense.
Definition 1
[12] A complex contact metric manifold M is called normal if it satisfied the following conditions: S{|_{{\cal H} \wedge {\cal H}}} = S{|_{{\cal H} \wedge {\cal V}}} = T{|_{{\cal H} \wedge {\cal H}}} = T{|_{{\cal H} \wedge {\cal V}}} = 0.
As similar to ϕ – sectional curvature in real contact geometry, in complex contact geometry the definition of 𝒢 ℋ – sectional curvature were given.
Definition 2
[12] Let M be a normal complex contact metric manifold. Z be an unit horizontal vector field on M and a2 + b2 = 1. A 𝒢 ℋ – section is a plane which is spanned by Z and T = aGZ + bHZ and the sectional curvature of this plane is called 𝒢 ℋ – sectional curvature.
𝒢 ℋ – sectional curvature is denoted by 𝒢 ℋa,b and we assume that it does not depend on the choice of a and b. So we will use 𝒢 ℋ (Z) notation. Also Korkmaz [12] proved that
K(Z,JZ) = {\cal G}{\cal H}\left( Z \right) + 3.
Some basic curvature properties of a normal complex contact metric manifold can be seen in [7, 12, 15, 16]. On a normal complex contact metric manifold, for Z and T horizontal vector fields we have
\matrix{{R(U,V,V,U) = R(V,U,U,V) = - 2d\sigma (U,V)} \cr {R(Z,U)U = Z, R(Z,V)V = Z} \cr {R(Z,T)U = 2(g(Z,JT) + d\sigma (Z,T))V} \cr {R(Z,T)V = - 2(g(Z,JT) + d\sigma (Z,T))U} \cr {R(Z,U)V = \sigma (U)GZ + ({\nabla _U}H)Z - JZ} \cr {R(Z,V)U = - \sigma (V)HZ + ({\nabla _V}G)Z + JZ} \cr {R(Z,U)T = - g(Z,T)U - g(JZ,T)V+ d\sigma (T,Z)V} \cr {R(Z,V)T = - g(Z,T)V + g(JZ,T)U - d\sigma (T,Z)U \;\;} \cr {R(U,V)Z = JZ{\rm{.}}} \cr}
Details about complex contact geometry can be find in [3], page 233. On the other hand for Z and T horizontal vector fields Ricci tensor of a (2m + 1) – complex dimensional normal complex contact metric manifold has the following properties
\matrix{{Ric\left( {GZ,GT} \right) = Ric\left( {HZ,HT} \right) = Ric\left( {Z,T} \right)} \cr {Ric(U,U) = Ric(V,V) = 4m - 2d\sigma (U,V)\;and\;Ric(U,V) = 0} \cr {Ric(Z,U) = Ric(Z,V) = 0} \cr}
[15].
Normal Complex Contact Metric Manifolds Admitting a Semi Symmetric Metric Connection
In this section the definition of a semi symmetric metric connection are given for normal complex contact metric manifolds. Some basic equalities are computed via this connection.
Let M be normal complex contact metric manifold and define
\overline \nabla :\chi (M) \times \chi (M) \to \chi (M)
as follow
{\overline \nabla _Z}T = {\nabla _Z}T + u(T)Z - g(Z,T)U + v(T)Z - g(Z,T)V
where ∇ is Levi-Cevita connection on M, U,V are the structure vector fields and u,v are dual 1 – forms. It can be easily showed that
\overline \nabla
is an linear connection. Also we could write the torsion tensor field of
\overline \nabla
as follow;
\overline {\bf T} (Z,T) = u(T)Z + v(T)Z - u(Z)T - v(Z)T.
As we see
\overline \nabla
is not torsion free and it is also a semi symmetric metric connection. In addition we have Lie bracket operator
\overline {[Z,T]} = [Z,T]
.
For brevity we use a abbreviation “NCCMM” for normal complex contact metric manifold, and (M,
\overline \nabla
) for a normal complex contact metric manifold M admitting a semi symmetric metric connection
\overline \nabla
.
Lemma 1
On (M,
\overline \nabla
) we have ({\overline \nabla _T}U) = T - GT + \sigma (T)V - u(T)[U + V] ({\overline \nabla _T}V) = T + HT - \sigma (T)U - v(T)[U + V] for an arbitrary vector field T.
Proof
Let T be an arbitrary vector field on (M,
\overline \nabla
). From (1) we have
\matrix{{{{\overline \nabla}_T}U} \hfill & {= {\nabla _T}U + u(U)T - g(T,U)U + v(U)T - g(T,U)V} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {= - GT + \sigma (T)V + T - u(T)U - u(T)V} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {= - GT + T + \sigma (T)V - u(T)[U + V].} \hfill \cr}
It is known that for arbitrary vector fields X,Y,Z on M, the Riemannian curvature
\overline R
is given by
\overline R (T,W,Z) = {\overline \nabla _T}{\overline \nabla _W}Z - {\overline \nabla _W}{\overline \nabla _T}Z - {\overline \nabla _{[T,W]}}Z.
An other geometric important object in the complex contact geometry is dσ. In [15] an equality for dσ. By following Proposition we present a new version of dσ on a normal complex contact metric manifold M was obtained.
Proposition 1
We have on (M,
\overline \nabla
)
d\overline \sigma (Z,T) = d\sigma (Z,T) + g(GZ,T) + g(HZ,T) + {1 \over 2}[(u \wedge \sigma )(Z,T) + (v \wedge \sigma )(Z,T)] for all Z,T ∈ Γ(T M).
On (M,
\overline \nabla
) we have d\overline \sigma (T,U) = d\sigma (T,U) - {1 \over 2}\sigma (T)\;{\rm{and}}\;d\overline \sigma (U,V) = d\sigma (U,V) + {1 \over 2}[\sigma (V) - \sigma (U)]. for T ∈ ℋ
Theorem 2
The sectional curvature of (M,
\overline \nabla
) is \overline k (T,W) = k(T,W) - 2 where T,W are unit, mutually orthogonal and horizontal vector fields on M, and k is the sectional curvature of (M, ∇).
Proof
Let W,T be unit, mutually orthogonal and horizontal vector fields on M. By setting Z = W,Y = T in (7) we get
\matrix{{\overline k (T,W)} \hfill & {= \overline R (T,W,W,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {= R(T,W,W,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ [ - 2g(W,W) + g(GW,W) + g(HW,W)]g(T,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ [2g(T,W) - g(GT,W) - g(HT,W)]g(W,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ g(W,W)(g(GT,T) + g(HT,T))} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- g(T,W)(g(GW,T) + g(HW,T)).} \hfill \cr}
Also since g(GW,W) = g(HT,T) = 0 and k(T,W) = R(T,W,W,T) we have
\overline k (T,W) = k(T,W) - 2.
Corollary 5
For unit vector fields T on (M,
\overline \nabla
) we have \overline k (T,JT) = k(T,JT) - 2 \overline k (T,GT) = k(T,GT) - 2 \overline k (T,HT) = k(T,HT) - 2.
Theorem 3
The 𝒢 ℋ – sectional curvature of (M,
\overline \nabla
) is given by {\overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} _{a,b}}(T) = {\cal G}{{\cal H}_{a,b}}(T) - 2 where T is unit horizontal vector field on M.
Proof
From the definition of 𝒢 ℋ – sectional curvature, for unit horizontal vector field T on M we have
\matrix{{{{\overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}}}_{a,b}}(T)} \hfill & {= \overline k (T,aGT + bHT)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {= {{\overline R (T,aGT + bHT,aGT + bHT,T)} \over {g(T,T)g(aGT + bHT,aGT + bHT) - g{{(T,aGT + bHT)}^2}}}.} \hfill \cr}
Then the Riemannian curvature tensor is given by
\matrix{{\overline R (T,aGT + bHT,aGT + bHT,T)} \hfill & {= a\overline R (T,aGT + bHT,GT,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ b\overline R (T,aGT + bHT,HT,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {= {a^2}\overline R (T,GT,GT,T) + ab\overline R (T,HT,GT,T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ ba\overline R (T,GT,HT,T) + {b^2}\overline R (T,HT,HT,T).} \hfill \cr}
Since R(T,aGT + bHT,aGT + bHT,T) = 𝒢 ℋ (T) and a2 + b2 = 1 we obtain (16).
Proposition 2
For unit and horizontal vector field T on (M,
\overline \nabla
) we get \overline k (T,JT) = {1 \over 2}[\overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} (T + GT) + \overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} (T - GT)] + 3.
Proof
By using (16) and (13) in (17) we obtain
\overline k (T,JT) + 2 = {1 \over 2}[\overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} (T + GT) + 2 + \overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} (T - GT) + 2] + 3.
If \overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}}
– sectional curvature of (M,
\overline \nabla
) is constant then we have \overline k (T,JT) = \overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} (T) + 3.
Theorem 4
The Ricci curvature of (M,
\overline \nabla
) is given by \matrix{{\overline {Ric} (T,W)} \hfill & {= Ric(T,W)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ 4m[u(W)u(T) + u(W)v(T) + v(W)u(T) + v(W)v(T)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ g(GT,W) + g(HT,W) + \sigma (T)[u(W) - v(W)]]} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ ( - 8m + \sigma (U) - \sigma (V))g(T,W)} \hfill \cr} for all T,W ∈ Γ(T M).
Proof
Let T and W be two arbitrary vector fields on (M,
\overline \nabla
) and (E1, E2, E3,..., E4m, U, V) be orthonormal basis of T M. Then from (5) we get
\matrix{{\overline R ({E_i},T,W,{E_i})} \hfill & {= R({E_i},T,W,{E_i})} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ [u(W)u(T) + u(W)v(T) + v(W)u(T) + v(W)v(T) - 2g(T,W)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ g(GT,W) + g(HT,W) + \sigma (T)[u(W) - v(W)]]g({E_i},{E_i})} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ [ - u(W)u({E_i}) - u(W)v({E_i}) - v(W)u({E_i}) - v(W)v({E_i})} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ 2g({E_i},W) - g(G{E_i},W) - g(H{E_i},W)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- \sigma ({E_i})[v(W) - u(W)]]g(T,{E_i}) + [g(T,W)[u({E_i}) + v({E_i})]} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- g({E_i},W)[u(T) + v(T)] + \sigma ({E_i})g(T,W)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- \sigma (T)g({E_i},W)]g(U,{E_i}) + [g(T,W)[u({E_i}) + v({E_i})]} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- g({E_i},W)[u(T) + v(T)] - \sigma ({E_i})g(T,W)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ \sigma (T)g({E_i},W)]g(V,{E_i}) + g(T,W)(g(G{E_i},{E_i})} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ g(H{E_i},{E_i})) - g({E_i},W)(g(GT,{E_i}) + g(HT,{E_i})).} \hfill \cr}
The scalar curvature and Ricci operator of (M,
\overline \nabla
) is given by \matrix{{\overline {Scal} = Scal - 32{m^2} + (\sigma (U) - \sigma (V))(8m + 2) - 8m,} \cr {\overline Q T = QT + 4m[(u(T) + v(T))(U + V) + GT + HT} \cr {+ \sigma (T)[U - V]] + ( - 8m + \sigma (U) - \sigma (V))T.} \cr}
Flatness conditions on Normal Complex Contact Metric Manifolds Admitting a Semi Symmetric Metric Connection
A Riemannian manifold is called flat if its Riemannian curvature tensor vanishes. That means manifold is locally Euclidean. Also the flatness of a Riemannian manifold can be provided by some special transformations like conformal, concircular etc. If the manifold is flat under these special transformations, is called conformally flat, concircularly flat etc. On the other hand there are several tensors which are invariant of these special transformations, and can give flatness of the manifold when vanishes. The three of them are conformal, concircular and quasi-conformal curvature tensor. The flatness of conformal curvature tensor on a NCCMM was studied by Blair and Molina [4]. Two of present authors studied the flatness of concircular and quasi-concircular curvature tensors. A NCCMM is not conformal, concircular and quasi-conformal flat. In this section we study on the flatness of these tensors on (M,
\overline \nabla
). Conformal curvature tensor
\overline {\cal C}
, concircular curvature tensor
\overline {\cal Z}
, quasi-conformal curvature tensor
\overline {\tilde C}
and conharmonic curvature tensor
\overline K
of a (2m + 1)-complex dimensional normal complex contact metric manifold M is defined by
\matrix{{\overline {\cal C} (T,W)Z} \hfill & {= \overline R (T,W)Z + {{\overline {Scal}} \over {(4m + 1)4m}}(g(W,Z)T - g(T,Z)W)} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {+ {1 \over {4m}}(g(T,Z)\overline Q W - g(W,Z)\overline Q T + \overline {Ric} (T,Z)W - \overline {Ric} (W,Z)T),} \hfill \cr} \overline {\cal Z} (T,W)Z = \overline R (T,W)Z - {{\overline {Scal}} \over {(4m + 2)(4m + 1)}}[g(W,Z)T - g(T,Z)W], \matrix{{\overline {\tilde C} (T,W)Z} \hfill & {= p\overline R (T,W)Z + q[\overline {Ric} (W,Z)T - \overline {Ric} (T,Z)W + g(W,Z)\overline Q T} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- g(T,Z)\overline Q W] - {{\overline {Scal}} \over {(4m + 2)}}[{p \over {4m + 1}} + 2q][g(W,Z)T - g(T,Z)W],} \hfill \cr} \matrix{{\overline K (T,W)Z} \hfill & {= \overline R (T,W)Z} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {- {1 \over {4m}}[\overline {Ric} (W,Z)T - \overline {Ric} (T,Z)W + g(W,Z)\overline Q T - g(T,Z)\overline Q W].} \hfill \cr}
Theorem 5
(M,
\overline \nabla
) is not conformal, concircular, quasi-conformal and conharmonic flat.
Therefore we obtain
\overline {{\cal G}{\cal H}} (T) = \overline k (T,JT)
. There is a contradiction from 18 and so our assumption is not true. By following same steps one can shown the non-existence of conformal and concircular flatness.
Iwasawa Manifold Admitting a Semi Symmetric Metric Connection
An Iwasawa manifold is an important example of a compact complex manifold which does not admit any Kähler metric [6]. Fernandez and Gray [6] proved that an Iwasawa manifold has indefinite Kähler structure has symplectic forms each of which is Hermitian with respect to a complex structure.
The Iwasawa manifold is the compact quotient space Γ\Hℂ formed from the right cosets of the discrete subgroup Γ given by the matrices whose entries z1, z2, z3 are Gaussian integers where Hℂ is given by
{H_{\mathbb{C}}} = \left\{{\left( {\matrix{1 & {{c_{12}}} & {{c_{13}}} \cr 0 & 1 & {{c_{23}}} \cr 0 & 0 & 1 \cr}} \right):{c_{12}},{c_{13}},{c_{23}} \in {\mathbb{C}}} \right\} \simeq {{\mathbb{C}}^3}.
Like real Heisenberg group is an example of contact manifolds (see [3]), complex Heisenberg group has complex almost contact structure. This structure was given by Baikoussis et al. [1] and normality of the structure was obtained by Korkmaz [12]. Also this manifold is the initial point of the work of Korkmaz and it distinguishes Korkmaz's normality from IK-normality.
Blair and Turgut Vanlı [14] worked on corrected energy of Iwasawa manifolds and also Turgut Vanlı and Unal [15] obtained some curvature results. In this section we examine Iwasawa Manifold with a semi symmetric metric connection.
In addition for ei, ej ∈ ℋ we have
Ric\left({{e_i},{e_i}} \right) = Ric\left({e_i^ *,e_i^ *} \right) = - 4
and Ric(U,U) = Ric(V,V) = 4. By using above equations and from the definition of the semi symmetric metric connection
\overline \nabla
we get following corollary.
Corollary 10
On the Iwasawa manifold admitting \overline \nabla we get \matrix{{{{\overline \nabla}_{{e_i}}}{e_j} = {\nabla _{{e_i}}}{e_j} - \delta _i^j(U + V)} \hfill \cr {{{\overline \nabla}_{e_i^ *}}e_j^ * = {\nabla _{e_i^ *}}e_j^ * - \delta _i^j(U + V)} \hfill \cr {{{\overline \nabla}_{e_i^ *}}{e_j} = {\nabla _{e_i^ *}}{e_j}, {{\overline \nabla}_{{e_i}}}e_j^ * = {\nabla _{{e_i}}}e_j^ *} \hfill \cr {{{\overline \nabla}_U}{e_i} = {\nabla _U}{e_i}, {{\overline \nabla}_V}{e_i} = {\nabla _V}{e_i}} \hfill \cr} where ei, ej ∈ ℋ.
We obtain curvatures of Iwasawa manifold admitting
\overline \nabla
as follow: