Systemic Granulomatous Pathology in Two Captive Alligator Mississippiensis

1. Jacobson ER: Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles, Color Atlas and Text, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; 200710.1201/9781420004038Search in Google Scholar

2. Lott MJ, Moore RL, Milic NL, Power M, Shilton CM, Isberg SR: Dermatological conditions of farmed Crocodilians: A review of pathogenic agents and their proposed impact on skin quality. Veterinary Microbiology 2018, 225: 89–10010.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.022Search in Google Scholar

3. Finger JW Jr., Thomson PC, Adams AL, Benedict S, Moran C, Isberg SR: Reference levels for corticosterone and immune function in farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) hatchlings using current Code of Practice guidelines. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2015, 212: 63–7210.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.023Search in Google Scholar

4. Shilton C, Brown GP, Chambers L, Benedict S, Davis S, Aumann S, Isberg SR: Pathology of Runting in Farmed Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Australia. Veterinary Pathology 2014, 51(5): 1022-103410.1177/0300985813516642Search in Google Scholar

5. Garcia ME, Lanzarot P, Costas E, Rodas VL, Marin M, Blanco JL: Isolation of Serratia fonticola from skin lesions in a Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) with an associated septicaemia. The Veterinary Journal 2008, 176: 254–25610.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.025Search in Google Scholar

6. Eisenberg T, Konig A, Weiss R, Fox R, Hetzel U: Fatal Outcome of a Fusarium solani Infection in a Group of Mississippi Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Frankfurter Beitrage Zur Naturkunde 2007, 29: 363-373Search in Google Scholar

7. Nevarez JG: Lymphohistiocytic Proliferative Syndrome of Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis): a cutaneous manifestation of West Nile virus, PhD Thesis, Louisiana State University; 2007Search in Google Scholar

8. Huchzermeyer FW: Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry and Diseases, Ed. 1, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK; 2003.10.1079/9780851996561.0001Search in Google Scholar

9. Schoeb TR, Heaton-Jones TG, Clemmons RM, Carbonneau DA, Woodward AR, Shelton D, Poppenga RH: Clinical and necropsy findings associated with increased mortality among American alligators of Lake Griffin, Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 2002, 38(2):320-33710.7589/0090-3558-38.2.320Search in Google Scholar

10. Scott T, Foster BG: Salmonella spp. In free ranging and farmed alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Texas and Louisiana U.S.A.. Aquaculture 1997, 156(1-2):179-18110.1016/S0044-8486(97)00087-2Search in Google Scholar

11. Buenviaje GN, Ladds PW, Melville L, Manolis SC: Disease–husbandry associations in farmed crocodiles in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Aus. Vet. J. 1994, 71(6): 165-17310.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03381.xSearch in Google Scholar

12. Hetzel U, Konig A, Yildirim AO, Lammler Ch, Kipar A: Septicaemia in emerald monitors (Varanus prasinus Schlegel 1839) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae acquired from mice. Veterinary Microbiology 2003, 95: 283-29310.1016/S0378-1135(03)00184-6Search in Google Scholar

13. Hall NH, Conley K, Berry C, Sigler L, Wellehan JF Jr., Roehrl MH, Heard D: Computed tomography of granulomatous pneumonia with oxalosis in an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) associated with Metarhizium anisopliae var. Anisopliae. Zoo. Wild. Med. 2011, 42(4): 700-70810.1638/2011-0027.1Search in Google Scholar

14. Wilson SC, Holder HW, Martin JM, Brasel TL, Andriychuk LA, Wu C, Straus DC, Aguilar R: An indoor air quality study of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility. Zoo. Wild. Med. 2006, 37(2): 108-11510.1638/05-030.1Search in Google Scholar

15. Hibberd EMA, Harrower KM: Mycoses in crocodiles. Mycologist 1993, 7(1): 32-3710.1016/S0269-915X(09)80625-3Search in Google Scholar

16. Lafortune M, Göbel T, Jacobson E, Heard D, Brown D, Alleman R, Vliet K, Harr KE, Hernandez J: Respiratory bronchoscopy of subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and tracheal wash evaluation. J. Zoo. Wildl. Med. 2005, 36(1): 12-2010.1638/1042-7260(2005)036[0012:RBOSAA]2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

17. Fromtling RA, Kosaanke SD, Jensen JM, Bulmer GS: Fatal Beauveria bassiana infection in a captive American alligator. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1979, 175(9): 934-936Search in Google Scholar

18. Fromtling RA, Jensen JM, Robinson BE, Bulmer GS: Fatal mycotic pulmonary disease of captive American alligators. Vet. Pathol. 1979, 16(4): 428-43110.1177/030098587901600405Search in Google Scholar

19. Jasmin AM, Baucom J: Erysipelothrix insidiosa infections in the caiman (Caiman crocidilus) and the American crocodile (Crocodile acutus). Vet. Clin. Pathol. 1967, 1: 173–177Search in Google Scholar

20. Frelier PF, Singler L, Nelson PE: Mycotic pneumonia caused by Fusarium moniliforme in an alligator. Sabouraudia: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 1985, 23(6): 399-40210.1080/00362178585380581Search in Google Scholar

21. Elsey RM, Joanen T, McNease L, Lance V: Stress and plasma corticosterone levels in the American alligator – relationships with stocking density and nesting success. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 1990, 95(1): 55-6310.1016/0300-9629(90)90009-HSearch in Google Scholar

22. Brown DR, Farley JM, Zacher LA, Carlton JMR, Clippinger ŒTL, Tully JG, Brown ŽMB: Mycoplasma alligatoris sp. nov., from American alligators. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2001, 51: 419–42410.1099/00207713-51-2-419Search in Google Scholar

23. Brown DR, Nogueira MF, Schoeb TR, Vliet KA, Bennett RA, Pye GW, Jacobson ER: Pathology of experimental mycoplasmosis in American alligators. J. Wildl. Dis. 2001, 37(4): 671-67910.7589/0090-3558-37.4.671Search in Google Scholar

24. Clippinger TL, Bennett RA, Johnson CM, Vliet KA, Deem SL, Orós J, Jacobson ER, Schumacher IM, Brown DR, Brown MB: Morbidity and mortality associated with a new mycoplasma species from captive American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). J. Zoo. Wildl. Med. 2000, 31(3): 303-31410.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0303:MAMAWA]2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

25. Buenviaje GN, Ladds PW, Martin Y: Pathology of skin diseases in crocodiles. Aust. Vet. J. 1998, 76(5): 357-36310.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12368.x9631708Search in Google Scholar

26. Flandry F, Lisecki EJ, Domingue GJ, Nichols RL, Greer DL, Haddad RJ Jr.: Initial antibiotic therapy for alligator bites: characterization of the oral flora of Alligator mississippiensis. South Med. J. 1989, 82(2):262-26610.1097/00007611-198902000-000272783788Search in Google Scholar

27. Özvegy J, Marinković D, Vučićević M, Gajić B, Stevanović J, Krnjaić D., Aleksić-Kovačević S: Cytological and molecular identification of Haemogregarina stepanowi in blood samples of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) from quarantine at Belgrade Zoo. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2015, 65(4): 443-45310.1515/acve-2015-0037Search in Google Scholar

28. Sokol OM: Lithophagy and geophagy in reptiles. Journal of Herpetlogy 1971, 5: 69–7110.2307/1562853Search in Google Scholar

29. Fitch-Snyder H, Lance VA: Behavioral observations of lithophagy in captive juvenile alligators. Journal of Herpetology 1993, 27: 335–33710.2307/1565158Search in Google Scholar

30. Hazen TC, Aho JM, Murphy TM, Esch GW, Schmidt GD: The parasite fauna of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1978, 14: 435–43910.7589/0090-3558-14.4.435739582Search in Google Scholar

31. Russell WC, Herman KL: Colibacillosis in captive wild animals. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 1970, 1: 17–2110.2307/20094044Search in Google Scholar

32. Will R: Die Entstehungsursachen (Ätiologie) der Lebererkrankungen bei Reptilien. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin 1975, B22: 626–63410.1111/j.1439-0450.1975.tb00629.xSearch in Google Scholar

33. Pleuger CA: Gastrotomy in a crocodile – a case report. ‘Cleopatra’ and the veterinarian make history. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1950, 117: 297–299Search in Google Scholar