Bedside clinical assessment of patients with common upper limb tremor and algorithmic approach

[1] Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, et al. Consensus statement on the classification of tremors. From the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018; 33:75–87. BhatiaKP BainP BajajN ElbleRJ HallettM LouisED Consensus statement on the classification of tremors. From the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Mov Disord 2018 33 75 87 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Louis ED. Tremor. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019; 25:959–75. LouisED Tremor Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2019 25 959 75 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010; 25:534–41. LouisED FerreiraJJ How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor Mov Disord 2010 25 534 41 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Lee A, Sarva H. Approach to tremor disorders. Semin Neurol. 2021; 41:731–43. LeeA SarvaH Approach to tremor disorders Semin Neurol 2021 41 731 43 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Marsili L, Bologna M, Mahajan A. Diagnostic uncertainties in tremor. Semin Neurol. 2023; 43:156–65. MarsiliL BolognaM MahajanA Diagnostic uncertainties in tremor Semin Neurol 2023 43 156 65 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Latorre A, Hallett M, Deuschl G, Bhatia KP. The MDS consensus tremor classification: the best way to classify patients with tremor at present. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120191. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120191 LatorreA HallettM DeuschlG BhatiaKP The MDS consensus tremor classification: the best way to classify patients with tremor at present J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120191 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120191 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[7] Louis ED, Bain PG. Problems and controversies in tremor classification. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120204. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120204 LouisED BainPG Problems and controversies in tremor classification J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120204 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120204 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[8] Sharma S, Pandey S. Approach to a tremor patient. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016; 19:433–43. SharmaS PandeyS Approach to a tremor patient Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016 19 433 43 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Deuschl G, Becktepe JS, Dirkx M, Haubenberger D, Hassan A, Helmich RC, et al. The clinical and electrophysiological investigation of tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2022; 136:93–129. DeuschlG BecktepeJS DirkxM HaubenbergerD HassanA HelmichRC The clinical and electrophysiological investigation of tremor Clin Neurophysiol 2022 136 93 129 Search in Google Scholar

[10] van de Wardt J, van der Stouwe AMM, Dirkx M, Elting JWJ, Post B, Tijssen MA, et al. Systematic clinical approach for diagnosing upper limb tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020; 91: 822–30. van de WardtJ van der StouweAMM DirkxM EltingJWJ PostB TijssenMA Systematic clinical approach for diagnosing upper limb tremor J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020 91 822 30 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Alty J, Cosgrove J, Thorpe D, Kempster P. How to use pen and paper tasks to aid tremor diagnosis in the clinic. Pract Neurol. 2017; 17:456–63. AltyJ CosgroveJ ThorpeD KempsterP How to use pen and paper tasks to aid tremor diagnosis in the clinic Pract Neurol 2017 17 456 63 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Cassim F, Houdayer E. Neurophysiology of myoclonus. Neurophysiol Clin. 2006; 36:281–91. CassimF HoudayerE Neurophysiology of myoclonus Neurophysiol Clin 2006 36 281 91 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Ure RJ, Dhanju S, Lang AE, Fasano A. Unusual tremor syndromes: know in order to recognise. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016; 87:1191–203. UreRJ DhanjuS LangAE FasanoA Unusual tremor syndromes: know in order to recognise J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016 87 1191 203 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Everlo CSJ, Elting JWJ, Tijssen MAJ, van der Stouwe AMM. Electrophysiological testing aids the diagnosis of tremor and myoclonus in clinically challenging patients. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2022; 7:51–8. EverloCSJ EltingJWJ TijssenMAJ van der StouweAMM Electrophysiological testing aids the diagnosis of tremor and myoclonus in clinically challenging patients Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022 7 51 8 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Panyakaew P, Jinnah HA, Shaikh AG. Clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment, and controversies of tremor in dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120199. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120199 PanyakaewP JinnahHA ShaikhAG Clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment, and controversies of tremor in dystonia J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120199 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120199 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[16] Shaikh AG, Jinnah HA, Tripp RM, Optican LM, Ramat S, Lenz FA, et al. Irregularity distinguishes limb tremor in cervical dystonia from essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008; 79:187–9. ShaikhAG JinnahHA TrippRM OpticanLM RamatS LenzFA Irregularity distinguishes limb tremor in cervical dystonia from essential tremor J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008 79 187 9 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Pandey S, Sarma N. Tremor in dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 29:3–9. PandeyS SarmaN Tremor in dystonia Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016 29 3 9 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Caviness JN. Myoclonus. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019; 25:1055–80. CavinessJN Myoclonus Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2019 25 1055 80 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Bien CG, Elger CE. Epilepsia partialis continua: semiology and differential diagnoses. Epileptic Disord. 2008; 10:3–7. BienCG ElgerCE Epilepsia partialis continua: semiology and differential diagnoses Epileptic Disord 2008 10 3 7 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord. 1998; 13(Suppl 3):2–23. DeuschlG BainP BrinM Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee Mov Disord 1998 13 Suppl 3 2 23 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Fraix V, Delalande I, Parrache M, Derambure P, Cassim F. Action-induced clonus mimicking tremor. Mov Disord. 2008; 23:285–8. FraixV DelalandeI ParracheM DerambureP CassimF Action-induced clonus mimicking tremor Mov Disord 2008 23 285 8 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Cardoso F, Jankovic J. Myorhythmia: phenomenology, etiology, and treatment. Mov Disord. 2015; 30:171–9. Baizabal-CarvalloJF CardosoF JankovicJ Myorhythmia: phenomenology, etiology, and treatment Mov Disord 2015 30 171 9 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Gutmann L, Gutmann L. Myokymia and neuromyotonia 2004. J Neurol. 2004; 251:138–42. GutmannL GutmannL Myokymia and neuromyotonia 2004 J Neurol 2004 251 138 42 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Zach H, Dirkx M, Bloem BR, Helmich RC. The clinical evaluation of Parkinson’s tremor. J Parkinsons Dis. 2015; 5:471–4. ZachH DirkxM BloemBR HelmichRC The clinical evaluation of Parkinson’s tremor J Parkinsons Dis 2015 5 471 4 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Wilken M, Bruno V, Rossi M, Ameghino L, Deuschl G, Merello M. Sensitivity and specificity of different hand positions to assess upper limb rest tremor. Mov Disord. 2019; 34:575–9. WilkenM BrunoV RossiM AmeghinoL DeuschlG MerelloM Sensitivity and specificity of different hand positions to assess upper limb rest tremor Mov Disord 2019 34 575 9 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Jankovic J, Schwartz KS, Ondo W. Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999; 67:646–50. JankovicJ SchwartzKS OndoW Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson’s disease J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999 67 646 50 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Papengut F, Raethjen J, Binder A, Deuschl G. Rest tremor suppression may separate essential from Parkinsonian rest tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013; 19:693–7. PapengutF RaethjenJ BinderA DeuschlG Rest tremor suppression may separate essential from Parkinsonian rest tremor Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013 19 693 7 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Jankovic J, Fahn S. Physiologic and pathologic tremors. Diagnosis, mechanism, and management. Ann Intern Med. 1980; 93:460–5. JankovicJ FahnS Physiologic and pathologic tremors. Diagnosis, mechanism, and management Ann Intern Med 1980 93 460 5 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Gövert F, Deuschl G. Tremor entities and their classification: an update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015; 28:393–9. GövertF DeuschlG Tremor entities and their classification: an update Curr Opin Neurol 2015 28 393 9 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Louis ED. Essential tremor: a nuanced approach to the clinical features. Pract Neurol. 2019; 19:389–98. LouisED Essential tremor: a nuanced approach to the clinical features Pract Neurol 2019 19 389 98 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Hallett M. Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders - Clinical presentations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 22:S149–52. HallettM Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders - Clinical presentations Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016 22 S149 52 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Schwingenschuh P, Espay AJ. Functional tremor. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120208. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120208 SchwingenschuhP EspayAJ Functional tremor J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120208 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120208 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[33] Louis ED, Yu Q, Floyd AG, Moskowitz C, Pullman SL. Axis is a feature of handwritten spirals in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006; 21:1294–5. LouisED YuQ FloydAG MoskowitzC PullmanSL Axis is a feature of handwritten spirals in essential tremor Mov Disord 2006 21 1294 5 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Michalec M, Hernandez N, Clark LN, Louis ED. The spiral axis as a clinical tool to distinguish essential tremor from dystonia cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014; 20:541–4. MichalecM HernandezN ClarkLN LouisED The spiral axis as a clinical tool to distinguish essential tremor from dystonia cases Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014 20 541 4 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. Psychogenic tremor: a video guide to its distinguishing features. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014; 4:253. doi: 10.7916/D8FJ2F0Q ThenganattMA JankovicJ Psychogenic tremor: a video guide to its distinguishing features Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2014 4 253 10.7916/D8FJ2F0Q Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[36] Espay AJ, Lang AE. Phenotype-specific diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015; 15:32. doi: 10.1007/s11910-015-0556-y EspayAJ LangAE Phenotype-specific diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015 15 32 10.1007/s11910-015-0556-y Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[37] Pandey S, Bhattad S, Hallett M. The problem of questionable dystonia in the diagnosis of ‘essential tremor-plus’. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2020; 10:27. doi: 10.5334/tohm.539 PandeyS BhattadS HallettM The problem of questionable dystonia in the diagnosis of ‘essential tremor-plus’ Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2020 10 27 10.5334/tohm.539 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[38] Fearon C, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Lynch T, Martino D, Morgante F, et al. Soft signs in movement disorders: friends or foes? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019; 90:961–2. FearonC EspayAJ LangAE LynchT MartinoD MorganteF Soft signs in movement disorders: friends or foes? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019 90 961 2 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Rajan R, Pandey S, Anandapadmanabhan R, Srivastava AK. Interrater and intrarater agreement on the 2018 consensus statement on classification of tremors. Mov Disord. 2018; 33:1966–7. RajanR PandeyS AnandapadmanabhanR SrivastavaAK Interrater and intrarater agreement on the 2018 consensus statement on classification of tremors Mov Disord 2018 33 1966 7 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Pandey S, Bhattad S. Questionable dystonia in essential tremor plus: a video-based assessment of 19 patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2019; 6:722–3. PandeyS BhattadS Questionable dystonia in essential tremor plus: a video-based assessment of 19 patients Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019 6 722 3 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Becktepe J, Gövert F, Balint B, Schlenstedt C, Bhatia K, Elble R, et al. Exploring interrater disagreement on essential tremor using a standardized tremor elements assessment. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021; 8:371–6. BecktepeJ GövertF BalintB SchlenstedtC BhatiaK ElbleR Exploring interrater disagreement on essential tremor using a standardized tremor elements assessment Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021 8 371 6 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, Delong MR, Fahn S, Fung VS, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013; 28:863–73. AlbaneseA BhatiaK BressmanSB DelongMR FahnS FungVS Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update Mov Disord 2013 28 863 73 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Pyrgelis ES, Agapiou E, Angelopoulou E. Holmes tremor: an updated review. Neurol Sci. 2022; 43:6731–40. PyrgelisES AgapiouE AngelopoulouE Holmes tremor: an updated review Neurol Sci 2022 43 6731 40 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Deuschl G, Krack P, Lauk M, Timmer J. Clinical neurophysiology of tremor. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996; 13:110–21. DeuschlG KrackP LaukM TimmerJ Clinical neurophysiology of tremor J Clin Neurophysiol 1996 13 110 21 Search in Google Scholar

[45] Hallett M. Overview of human tremor physiology. Mov Disord. 1998; 13(Suppl 3):43–8. HallettM Overview of human tremor physiology Mov Disord 1998 13 Suppl 3 43 8 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Hallett M. Tremor: pathophysiology. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014; 20(Suppl 1):S118–22. HallettM Tremor: pathophysiology Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014 20 Suppl 1 S118 22 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Vial F, Kassavetis P, Merchant S, Haubenberger D, Hallett M. How to do an electrophysiological study of tremor. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019; 4:134–42. VialF KassavetisP MerchantS HaubenbergerD HallettM How to do an electrophysiological study of tremor Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2019 4 134 42 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Morgan JC. Drug-induced tremor, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120192. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120192 Baizabal-CarvalloJF MorganJC Drug-induced tremor, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120192 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120192 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[49] Pan MK, Kuo SH. Essential tremor: clinical perspectives and pathophysiology. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120198. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120198 PanMK KuoSH Essential tremor: clinical perspectives and pathophysiology J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120198 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120198 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[50] Cohen O, Pullman S, Jurewicz E, Watner D, Louis ED. Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and electrophysiologic characteristics. Arch Neurol. 2003; 60:405–10. CohenO PullmanS JurewiczE WatnerD LouisED Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and electrophysiologic characteristics Arch Neurol 2003 60 405 10 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Brennan KC, Jurewicz EC, Ford B, Pullman SL, Louis ED. Is essential tremor predominantly a kinetic or a postural tremor? A clinical and electrophysiological study. Mov Disord. 2002; 17:313–6. BrennanKC JurewiczEC FordB PullmanSL LouisED Is essential tremor predominantly a kinetic or a postural tremor? A clinical and electrophysiological study Mov Disord 2002 17 313 6 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Lenka A, Pandey S. Essential tremor: five new things. Neurol Clin Pract. 2022; 12:183–6. LenkaA PandeyS Essential tremor: five new things Neurol Clin Pract 2022 12 183 6 Search in Google Scholar

[53] Louis ED. The primary type of tremor in essential tremor is kinetic rather than postural: cross-sectional observation of tremor phenomenology in 369 cases. Eur J Neurol. 2013; 20:725–7. LouisED The primary type of tremor in essential tremor is kinetic rather than postural: cross-sectional observation of tremor phenomenology in 369 cases Eur J Neurol 2013 20 725 7 Search in Google Scholar

[54] Erro R, Sorrentino C, Russo M, Barone P. Essential tremor plus rest tremor: current concepts and controversies. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2022; 129:835–46. ErroR SorrentinoC RussoM BaroneP Essential tremor plus rest tremor: current concepts and controversies J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022 129 835 46 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Pandey S. Is essential tremor a family of diseases or a syndrome? A syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022; 163:31–59. PandeyS Is essential tremor a family of diseases or a syndrome? A syndrome Int Rev Neurobiol 2022 163 31 59 Search in Google Scholar

[56] Hopfner F, Deuschl G. Is essential tremor a single entity? Eur J Neurol. 2018; 25:71–82. HopfnerF DeuschlG Is essential tremor a single entity? Eur J Neurol 2018 25 71 82 Search in Google Scholar

[57] Kim CY, Louis ED. “Spooning”: a subtle sign of limb dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2018; 8:607. doi: 10.7916/D8B00NRV KimCY LouisED “Spooning”: a subtle sign of limb dystonia Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018 8 607 10.7916/D8B00NRV Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[58] Vives-Rodriguez A, Louis ED. Index finger pointing (likely a subtle form of hand dystonia): prevalence across movement disorders. Front Neurol. 2018; 9:542. Vives-RodriguezA LouisED Index finger pointing (likely a subtle form of hand dystonia): prevalence across movement disorders Front Neurol 2018 9 542 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Rajalingam R, Breen DP, Lang AE, Fasano A. Essential tremor plus is more common than essential tremor: insights from the reclassification of a cohort of patients with lower limb tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; 56:109–10. RajalingamR BreenDP LangAE FasanoA Essential tremor plus is more common than essential tremor: insights from the reclassification of a cohort of patients with lower limb tremor Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018 56 109 10 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Prasad S, Pal PK. Reclassifying essential tremor: implications for the future of past research. Mov Disord. 2019; 34:437. doi: 10.1002/mds.27615 PrasadS PalPK Reclassifying essential tremor: implications for the future of past research Mov Disord 2019 34 437 10.1002/mds.27615 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[61] Gionco JT, Hartstone WG, Martuscello RT, Kuo SH, Faust PL, Louis ED. Essential tremor versus “ET-plus”: a detailed postmortem study of cerebellar pathology. Cerebellum. 2021; 20:904–12. GioncoJT HartstoneWG MartuscelloRT KuoSH FaustPL LouisED Essential tremor versus “ET-plus”: a detailed postmortem study of cerebellar pathology Cerebellum 2021 20 904 12 Search in Google Scholar

[62] Steffen JK, Jergas H, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Dembek TA, Thies T, Jost ST, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor plus is as effective as in essential tremor. Brain Sci. 2020; 10:970. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10120970 SteffenJK JergasH Petry-SchmelzerJN DembekTA ThiesT JostST Thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor plus is as effective as in essential tremor Brain Sci 2020 10 970 10.3390/brainsci10120970 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[63] Koneru V, Ondo WG. Task specific tremor subsequently developing into Parkinson’s disease: case series. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021; 8:111–3. KoneruV OndoWG Task specific tremor subsequently developing into Parkinson’s disease: case series Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021 8 111 3 Search in Google Scholar

[64] Louis ED, Pullman SL, Eidelberg D, Dhawan V. Re-emergent tremor without accompanying rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008; 35:513–5. LouisED PullmanSL EidelbergD DhawanV Re-emergent tremor without accompanying rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease Can J Neurol Sci 2008 35 513 5 Search in Google Scholar

[65] Swinnen B, de Bie RMA, Hallett M, Helmich RC, Buijink AWG. Reconstructing re-emergent tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2023; 10:1293–6. SwinnenB de BieRMA HallettM HelmichRC BuijinkAWG Reconstructing re-emergent tremor Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023 10 1293 6 Search in Google Scholar

[66] Dirkx MF, Zach H, Bloem BR, Hallett M, Helmich RC. The nature of postural tremor in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2018; 90:e1095–e103. DirkxMF ZachH BloemBR HallettM HelmichRC The nature of postural tremor in Parkinson disease Neurology 2018 90 e1095 e103 Search in Google Scholar

[67] Gironell A, Pascual-Sedano B, Aracil I, Marín-Lahoz J, Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J. Tremor types in Parkinson disease: a descriptive study using a new classification. Parkinsons Dis. 2018; 2018:4327597. doi: 10.1155/2018/4327597 GironellA Pascual-SedanoB AracilI Marín-LahozJ PagonabarragaJ KulisevskyJ Tremor types in Parkinson disease: a descriptive study using a new classification Parkinsons Dis 2018 2018 4327597 10.1155/2018/4327597 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[68] Gigante AF, Pellicciari R, Iliceto G, Liuzzi D, Mancino PV, Custodero GE, et al. Rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease: body distribution and time of appearance. J Neurol Sci. 2017; 375:215–9. GiganteAF PellicciariR IlicetoG LiuzziD MancinoPV CustoderoGE Rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease: body distribution and time of appearance J Neurol Sci 2017 375 215 9 Search in Google Scholar

[69] Bhidayasiri R, Rattanachaisit W, Phokaewvarangkul O, Lim TT, Fernandez HH. Exploring bedside clinical features of parkinsonism: a focus on differential diagnosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019; 59:74–81. BhidayasiriR RattanachaisitW PhokaewvarangkulO LimTT FernandezHH Exploring bedside clinical features of parkinsonism: a focus on differential diagnosis Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019 59 74 81 Search in Google Scholar

[70] Deuschl G, Papengut F, Hellriegel H. The phenomenology of parkinsonian tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012; 18(Suppl 1):S87–9. DeuschlG PapengutF HellriegelH The phenomenology of parkinsonian tremor Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012 18 Suppl 1 S87 9 Search in Google Scholar

[71] Chen W, Hopfner F, Becktepe JS, Deuschl G. Rest tremor revisited: Parkinson’s disease and other disorders. Transl Neurodegener. 2017; 6:16. doi: 10.1186/s40035-017-0086-4 ChenW HopfnerF BecktepeJS DeuschlG Rest tremor revisited: Parkinson’s disease and other disorders Transl Neurodegener 2017 6 16 10.1186/s40035-017-0086-4 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[72] Deeb W, Hu W, Almeida L, Patterson A, Martinez-Ramirez D, Wagle Shukla A. Benign tremulous Parkinsonism: a unique entity or another facet of Parkinson’s disease? Transl Neurodegener. 2016; 5:10. doi: 10.1186/s40035-016-0057-1 DeebW HuW AlmeidaL PattersonA Martinez-RamirezD Wagle ShuklaA Benign tremulous Parkinsonism: a unique entity or another facet of Parkinson’s disease? Transl Neurodegener 2016 5 10 10.1186/s40035-016-0057-1 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[73] Deuschl G. Benign tremulous Parkinson’s disease: a misnomer? Mov Disord. 2013; 28:117–9. DeuschlG Benign tremulous Parkinson’s disease: a misnomer? Mov Disord 2013 28 117 9 Search in Google Scholar

[74] Wenning GK, Tison F, Ben Shlomo Y, Daniel SE, Quinn NP. Multiple system atrophy: a review of 203 pathologically proven cases. Mov Disord. 1997; 12:133–47. WenningGK TisonF Ben ShlomoY DanielSE QuinnNP Multiple system atrophy: a review of 203 pathologically proven cases Mov Disord 1997 12 133 47 Search in Google Scholar

[75] Kaindlstorfer C, Granata R, Wenning GK. Tremor in multiple system atrophy - A review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013; 3. doi: 10.7916/D8NV9GZ9 KaindlstorferC GranataR WenningGK Tremor in multiple system atrophy - A review Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2013 3 10.7916/D8NV9GZ9 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[76] Alster P, Madetko N, Koziorowski D, Friedman A. Progressive supranuclear palsy-Parkinsonism predominant (PSP-P)-A clinical challenge at the boundaries of PSP and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Front Neurol. 2020; 11:180. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00180 AlsterP MadetkoN KoziorowskiD FriedmanA Progressive supranuclear palsy-Parkinsonism predominant (PSP-P)-A clinical challenge at the boundaries of PSP and Parkinson’s disease (PD) Front Neurol 2020 11 180 10.3389/fneur.2020.00180 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[77] Wen Y, Yang Q, Jiao B, Zhang W, Lin J, Zhu Y, et al. Clinical features of progressive supranuclear palsy. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023; 15:1229491. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1229491 WenY YangQ JiaoB ZhangW LinJ ZhuY Clinical features of progressive supranuclear palsy Front Aging Neurosci 2023 15 1229491 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1229491 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[78] Ling H, O’Sullivan SS, Holton JL, Revesz T, Massey LA, Williams DR, et al. Does corticobasal degeneration exist? A clinicopathological re-evaluation. Brain. 2010; 133:2045–57. LingH O’SullivanSS HoltonJL ReveszT MasseyLA WilliamsDR Does corticobasal degeneration exist? A clinicopathological re-evaluation Brain 2010 133 2045 57 Search in Google Scholar

[79] Shaikh AG, Beylergil SB, Scorr L, Kilic-Berkmen G, Freeman A, Klein C, et al. Dystonia and tremor: a cross-sectional study of the dystonia coalition cohort. Neurology. 2021; 96:e563–e74. ShaikhAG BeylergilSB ScorrL Kilic-BerkmenG FreemanA KleinC Dystonia and tremor: a cross-sectional study of the dystonia coalition cohort Neurology 2021 96 e563 e74 Search in Google Scholar

[80] Erro R, Rubio-Agusti I, Saifee TA, Cordivari C, Ganos C, Batla A, et al. Rest and other types of tremor in adult-onset primary dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85:965–8. ErroR Rubio-AgustiI SaifeeTA CordivariC GanosC BatlaA Rest and other types of tremor in adult-onset primary dystonia J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014 85 965 8 Search in Google Scholar

[81] Gigante AF, Berardelli A, Defazio G. Rest tremor in idiopathic adult-onset dystonia. Eur J Neurol. 2016; 23:935–9. GiganteAF BerardelliA DefazioG Rest tremor in idiopathic adult-onset dystonia Eur J Neurol 2016 23 935 9 Search in Google Scholar

[82] Gupta N, Pandey S. Rest tremor in dystonia: epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and pathophysiology. Neurol Sci. 2020; 41:2377–88. GuptaN PandeyS Rest tremor in dystonia: epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and pathophysiology Neurol Sci 2020 41 2377 88 Search in Google Scholar

[83] Erro R, Schneider SA, Stamelou M, Quinn NP, Bhatia KP. What do patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) have? New evidence and continuing controversies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016; 87:319–23. ErroR SchneiderSA StamelouM QuinnNP BhatiaKP What do patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) have? New evidence and continuing controversies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016 87 319 23 Search in Google Scholar

[84] Marek K, Seibyl J, Eberly S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Lang AE, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of SWEDD subjects in the PRECEPT Study. Neurology. 2014; 82:1791–7. MarekK SeibylJ EberlyS OakesD ShoulsonI LangAE Longitudinal follow-up of SWEDD subjects in the PRECEPT Study Neurology 2014 82 1791 7 Search in Google Scholar

[85] Erro R, Reich SG. Rare tremors and tremors occurring in other neurological disorders. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120200. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120200 ErroR ReichSG Rare tremors and tremors occurring in other neurological disorders J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120200 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120200 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[86] Lenka A, Jankovic J. Tremor syndromes: an updated review. Front Neurol. 2021; 12:684835. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.684835 LenkaA JankovicJ Tremor syndromes: an updated review Front Neurol 2021 12 684835 10.3389/fneur.2021.684835 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[87] Morini A, Malaguti MC, Marangoni S, Espay AJ. Neuropathic tremor in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: the acquired equivalent of the Roussy-Levy syndrome. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2016; 3:173–5. MoriniA MalagutiMC MarangoniS EspayAJ Neuropathic tremor in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: the acquired equivalent of the Roussy-Levy syndrome Mov Disord Clin Pract 2016 3 173 5 Search in Google Scholar

[88] Saifee TA, Schwingenschuh P, Reilly MM, Lunn MP, Katschnig P, Kassavetis P, et al. Tremor in inflammatory neuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013; 84:1282–7. SaifeeTA SchwingenschuhP ReillyMM LunnMP KatschnigP KassavetisP Tremor in inflammatory neuropathies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013 84 1282 7 Search in Google Scholar

[89] Nsengiyumva N, Barakat A, Macerollo A, Pullicino R, Bleakley A, Bonello M, et al. Thalamic versus midbrain tremor; two distinct types of Holmes’ Tremor: a review of 17 cases. J Neurol. 2021; 268:4152–62. NsengiyumvaN BarakatA MacerolloA PullicinoR BleakleyA BonelloM Thalamic versus midbrain tremor; two distinct types of Holmes’ Tremor: a review of 17 cases J Neurol 2021 268 4152 62 Search in Google Scholar

[90] van der Stouwe AM, Elting JW, van der Hoeven JH, van Laar T, Leenders KL, Maurits NM, et al. How typical are ‘typical’ tremor characteristics? Sensitivity and specificity of five tremor phenomena. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 30:23–8. van der StouweAM EltingJW van der HoevenJH van LaarT LeendersKL MauritsNM How typical are ‘typical’ tremor characteristics? Sensitivity and specificity of five tremor phenomena Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016 30 23 8 Search in Google Scholar

[91] Elble RJ, McNames J. Using portable transducers to measure tremor severity. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2016; 6:375. doi: 10.7916/D8DR2VCC ElbleRJ McNamesJ Using portable transducers to measure tremor severity Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2016 6 375 10.7916/D8DR2VCC Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[92] Bhatti D, Thompson R, Hellman A, Penke C, Bertoni JM, Torres-Russotto D. Smartphone apps provide a simple, accurate bedside screening tool for orthostatic tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017; 4:852–7. BhattiD ThompsonR HellmanA PenkeC BertoniJM Torres-RussottoD Smartphone apps provide a simple, accurate bedside screening tool for orthostatic tremor Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017 4 852 7 Search in Google Scholar

[93] López-Blanco R, Velasco MA, Méndez-Guerrero A, Romero JP, Del Castillo MD, Serrano JI, et al. Essential tremor quantification based on the combined use of a smartphone and a smartwatch: the NetMD study. J Neurosci Methods. 2018; 303:95–102. López-BlancoR VelascoMA Méndez-GuerreroA RomeroJP Del CastilloMD SerranoJI Essential tremor quantification based on the combined use of a smartphone and a smartwatch: the NetMD study J Neurosci Methods 2018 303 95 102 Search in Google Scholar

[94] Balachandar A, Algarni M, Oliveira L, Marsili L, Merola A, Sturchio A, et al. Are smartphones and machine learning enough to diagnose tremor? J Neurol. 2022; 269:6104–15. BalachandarA AlgarniM OliveiraL MarsiliL MerolaA SturchioA Are smartphones and machine learning enough to diagnose tremor? J Neurol 2022 269 6104 15 Search in Google Scholar

[95] Moreau C, Rouaud T, Grabli D, Benatru I, Remy P, Marques AR, et al. Overview on wearable sensors for the management of Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2023; 9:153. doi: 10.1038/s41531-023-00585-y MoreauC RouaudT GrabliD BenatruI RemyP MarquesAR Overview on wearable sensors for the management of Parkinson’s disease NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023 9 153 10.1038/s41531-023-00585-y Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[96] Vial F, McGurrin P, Osterholt T, Ehrlich D, Haubenberger D, Hallett M. Tremoroton, a new free online platform for tremor analysis. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2020; 5:30–4. VialF McGurrinP OsterholtT EhrlichD HaubenbergerD HallettM Tremoroton, a new free online platform for tremor analysis Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2020 5 30 4 Search in Google Scholar

[97] Bhat S, Ma W, Kozochonok E, Chokroverty S. Fasciculations masquerading as minipolymyoclonus in bulbospinal muscular atrophy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2015; 18:249–51. BhatS MaW KozochonokE ChokrovertyS Fasciculations masquerading as minipolymyoclonus in bulbospinal muscular atrophy Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015 18 249 51 Search in Google Scholar

[98] Schwingenschuh P, Katschnig P, Seiler S, Saifee TA, Aguirregomozcorta M, Cordivari C, et al. Moving toward “laboratory-supported” criteria for psychogenic tremor. Mov Disord. 2011; 26:2509–15. SchwingenschuhP KatschnigP SeilerS SaifeeTA AguirregomozcortaM CordivariC Moving toward “laboratory-supported” criteria for psychogenic tremor Mov Disord 2011 26 2509 15 Search in Google Scholar

[99] Schwingenschuh P, Saifee TA, Katschnig-Winter P, Macerollo A, Koegl-Wallner M, Culea V, et al. Validation of “laboratory-supported” criteria for functional (psychogenic) tremor. Mov Disord. 2016; 31:555–62. SchwingenschuhP SaifeeTA Katschnig-WinterP MacerolloA Koegl-WallnerM CuleaV Validation of “laboratory-supported” criteria for functional (psychogenic) tremor Mov Disord 2016 31 555 62 Search in Google Scholar

[100] Leehey MA. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: clinical phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment. J Investig Med. 2009; 57:830–6. LeeheyMA Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: clinical phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment J Investig Med 2009 57 830 6 Search in Google Scholar

[101] Gan SR, Wang J, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Tomishon D, Lee D, et al. Postural tremor and ataxia progression in spinocerebellar ataxias. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017; 7:492. doi: 10.7916/D8GM8KRH GanSR WangJ FigueroaKP PulstSM TomishonD LeeD Postural tremor and ataxia progression in spinocerebellar ataxias Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2017 7 492 10.7916/D8GM8KRH Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[102] Ganaraja VH, Holla VV, Stezin A, Kamble N, Yadav R, Purushottam M, et al. Clinical, radiological, and genetic profile of spinocerebellar ataxia 12: a hospital-based cohort analysis. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2022; 12:13. doi: 10.5334/tohm.686 GanarajaVH HollaVV StezinA KambleN YadavR PurushottamM Clinical, radiological, and genetic profile of spinocerebellar ataxia 12: a hospital-based cohort analysis Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2022 12 13 10.5334/tohm.686 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[103] Hall DA, Robertson E, Shelton AL, Losh MC, Mila M, Moreno EG, et al. Update on the clinical, radiographic, and neurobehavioral manifestations in FXTAS and FMR1 premutation carriers. Cerebellum. 2016; 15:578–86. HallDA RobertsonE SheltonAL LoshMC MilaM MorenoEG Update on the clinical, radiographic, and neurobehavioral manifestations in FXTAS and FMR1 premutation carriers Cerebellum 2016 15 578 86 Search in Google Scholar

[104] Grütz K, Klein C. Dystonia updates: definition, nomenclature, clinical classification, and etiology. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2021; 128:395–404. GrützK KleinC Dystonia updates: definition, nomenclature, clinical classification, and etiology J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021 128 395 404 Search in Google Scholar

[105] Ferreira JJ, Mestre TA, Lyons KE, Benito-León J, Tan EK, Abbruzzese G, et al. MDS evidence-based review of treatments for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2019; 34:950–8. FerreiraJJ MestreTA LyonsKE Benito-LeónJ TanEK AbbruzzeseG MDS evidence-based review of treatments for essential tremor Mov Disord 2019 34 950 8 Search in Google Scholar

[106] Hopfner F, Deuschl G. Managing essential tremor. Neurotherapeutics. 2020; 17:1603–21. HopfnerF DeuschlG Managing essential tremor Neurotherapeutics 2020 17 1603 21 Search in Google Scholar

[107] Ondo WG. Current and emerging treatments of essential tremor. Neurol Clin. 2020; 38:309–23. OndoWG Current and emerging treatments of essential tremor Neurol Clin 2020 38 309 23 Search in Google Scholar

[108] Sharma S, Pandey S. Treatment of essential tremor: current status. Postgrad Med J. 2020; 96:84–93. SharmaS PandeyS Treatment of essential tremor: current status Postgrad Med J 2020 96 84 93 Search in Google Scholar

[109] Mittal SO, Pandey S. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of tremor. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120203. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120203 MittalSO PandeyS Botulinum toxin for the treatment of tremor J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120203 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120203 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[110] Tsuboi T, Jabarkheel Z, Zeilman PR, Barabas MJ, Foote KD, Okun MS, et al. Longitudinal follow-up with VIM thalamic deep brain stimulation for dystonic or essential tremor. Neurology. 2020; 94:e1073–e84. TsuboiT JabarkheelZ ZeilmanPR BarabasMJ FooteKD OkunMS Longitudinal follow-up with VIM thalamic deep brain stimulation for dystonic or essential tremor Neurology 2020 94 e1073 e84 Search in Google Scholar

[111] Iorio-Morin C, Fomenko A, Kalia SK. Deep-brain stimulation for essential tremor and other tremor syndromes: a narrative review of current targets and clinical outcomes. Brain Sci. 2020; 10:925. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10120925 Iorio-MorinC FomenkoA KaliaSK Deep-brain stimulation for essential tremor and other tremor syndromes: a narrative review of current targets and clinical outcomes Brain Sci 2020 10 925 10.3390/brainsci10120925 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[112] Wong JK, Hess CW, Almeida L, Middlebrooks EH, Christou EA, Patrick EE, et al. Deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: targets, technology, and a comprehensive review of clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020; 20:319–31. WongJK HessCW AlmeidaL MiddlebrooksEH ChristouEA PatrickEE Deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: targets, technology, and a comprehensive review of clinical outcomes Expert Rev Neurother 2020 20 319 31 Search in Google Scholar

[113] Park YS, Jung NY, Na YC, Chang JW. Four-year follow-up results of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2019; 34:727–34. ParkYS JungNY NaYC ChangJW Four-year follow-up results of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor Mov Disord 2019 34 727 34 Search in Google Scholar

[114] Bhidayasiri R, Maytharakcheep S, Phumphid S, Maetzler W. Improving functional disability in patients with tremor: a clinical perspective of the efficacies, considerations, and challenges of assistive technology. J Neurol Sci. 2022; 435:120197. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120197 BhidayasiriR MaytharakcheepS PhumphidS MaetzlerW Improving functional disability in patients with tremor: a clinical perspective of the efficacies, considerations, and challenges of assistive technology J Neurol Sci 2022 435 120197 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120197 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[115] Pirker W, Katzenschlager R, Hallett M, Poewe W. Pharmacological treatment of tremor in Parkinson’s disease revisited. J Parkinsons Dis. 2023; 13:127–44. PirkerW KatzenschlagerR HallettM PoeweW Pharmacological treatment of tremor in Parkinson’s disease revisited J Parkinsons Dis 2023 13 127 44 Search in Google Scholar

[116] Deuschl G, Antonini A, Costa J, Śmiłowska K, Berg D, Corvol JC, et al. European Academy of Neurology/Movement Disorder Society-European Section Guideline on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: I. Invasive Therapies. Mov Disord. 2022; 37:1360–74. DeuschlG AntoniniA CostaJ ŚmiłowskaK BergD CorvolJC European Academy of Neurology/Movement Disorder Society-European Section Guideline on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: I. Invasive Therapies Mov Disord 2022 37 1360 74 Search in Google Scholar

[117] Jitkritsadakul O, Thanawattano C, Anan C, Bhidayasiri R. Tremor’s glove-an innovative electrical muscle stimulation therapy for intractable tremor in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2017; 381:331–40. JitkritsadakulO ThanawattanoC AnanC BhidayasiriR Tremor’s glove-an innovative electrical muscle stimulation therapy for intractable tremor in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized sham-controlled trial J Neurol Sci 2017 381 331 40 Search in Google Scholar

[118] Sinai A, Nassar M, Sprecher E, Constantinescu M, Zaaroor M, Schlesinger I. Focused ultrasound thalamotomy in tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease: long-term results. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022; 12:199–206. SinaiA NassarM SprecherE ConstantinescuM ZaaroorM SchlesingerI Focused ultrasound thalamotomy in tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease: long-term results J Parkinsons Dis 2022 12 199 206 Search in Google Scholar

[119] Marques A, Pereira B, Simonetta-Moreau M, Castelnovo G, De Verdal M, Fluchère F, et al. Trial of botulinum toxin for isolated or essential head tremor. N Engl J Med. 2023; 389:1753–65. MarquesA PereiraB Simonetta-MoreauM CastelnovoG De VerdalM FluchèreF Trial of botulinum toxin for isolated or essential head tremor N Engl J Med 2023 389 1753 65 Search in Google Scholar

[120] Fasano A, Bove F, Lang AE. The treatment of dystonic tremor: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85:759–69. FasanoA BoveF LangAE The treatment of dystonic tremor: a systematic review J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014 85 759 69 Search in Google Scholar

[121] Wang KL, Wong JK, Eisinger RS, Carbunaru S, Smith C, Hu W, et al. Therapeutic advances in the treatment of Holmes tremor: systematic review. Neuromodulation. 2022; 25:796–803. WangKL WongJK EisingerRS CarbunaruS SmithC HuW Therapeutic advances in the treatment of Holmes tremor: systematic review Neuromodulation 2022 25 796 803 Search in Google Scholar

[122] Raina GB, Cersosimo MG, Folgar SS, Giugni JC, Calandra C, Paviolo JP, et al. Holmes tremor: clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases. Neurology. 2016; 86:931–8. RainaGB CersosimoMG FolgarSS GiugniJC CalandraC PavioloJP Holmes tremor: clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases Neurology 2016 86 931 8 Search in Google Scholar