<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_006_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c17b1Aa"><h3>Objective</h3><p>One of the diabetes mellitus (DM) complications is foot ulcers. Foot ulcers are influenced by many factors. DM puts patients at risk of injury because of visual impairment. Hyperglycemia can damage blood vessels, which results in peripheral artery disease (PAD). The purpose of this study was to find the relationship of visual impairment and PAD with diabetic foot ulcers.</p></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_007_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c17b2Aa"><h3>Methods</h3><p>This research used observational analytic study with case–control methods. It used purposive sampling in 34 DM patients with foot ulcers and 34 DM patients without foot ulcers. The research instruments were an interview guide to assess visual impairment, physical examination to assess PAD, and documentation study, which was used to know the incidence of diabetic ulcers.</p></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_008_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c17b3Aa"><h3>Results</h3><p>The results showed that the respondents who experienced ulcers with visual impairment were 44.1% and the respondents who had foot ulcers with PAD were 73.5%. The results of statistical tests showed that there was no relationship between visual impairment and the incidence of ulcers (<italic>P</italic> = 0.166). The respondents with PAD will have a chance to suffer from foot ulcers 5.808 times higher than those who do not have PAD.</p></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_009_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c17b4Aa"><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>There is no relationship between visual impairment and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital, but there is relationship between PAD and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Suggestions of this study are to do foot screening and educate about the importance of foot care to prevent the occurrence of diabetic ulcers.</p></sec></abstract>

ObjectiveOne of the diabetes mellitus (DM) complications is foot ulcers. Foot ulcers are influenced by many factors. DM puts patients at risk of injury because of visual impairment. Hyperglycemia can damage blood vessels, which results in peripheral artery disease (PAD). The purpose of this study was to find the relationship of visual impairment and PAD with diabetic foot ulcers.MethodsThis research used observational analytic study with case–control methods. It used purposive sampling in 34 DM patients with foot ulcers and 34 DM patients without foot ulcers. The research instruments were an interview guide to assess visual impairment, physical examination to assess PAD, and documentation study, which was used to know the incidence of diabetic ulcers.ResultsThe results showed that the respondents who experienced ulcers with visual impairment were 44.1% and the respondents who had foot ulcers with PAD were 73.5%. The results of statistical tests showed that there was no relationship between visual impairment and the incidence of ulcers (P = 0.166). The respondents with PAD will have a chance to suffer from foot ulcers 5.808 times higher than those who do not have PAD.ConclusionsThere is no relationship between visual impairment and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital, but there is relationship between PAD and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Suggestions of this study are to do foot screening and educate about the importance of foot care to prevent the occurrence of diabetic ulcers.

<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_001_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1aAa"><label>1</label><div>Introduction</div><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body is unable to utilize insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_001_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b1Aa">1</a> Prevalence of diabetes Indonesia (20-79 years) shows 12 million at 2010. Estimates of diabetes in Indonesia increasing become 12 million in 2030.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_002_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b2Aa">2</a> Diabetes can lead to complications of stroke, coronary heart disease, arterial disease, foot ulcer, visual impairment, and amputation.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_003_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b3Aa">3</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_004_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b4Aa">4</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_005_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b5Aa">5</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_006_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b6Aa">6</a></p><p>One of the complications that affect the quality of life is foot disorder. The prevalence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients is approximately 15%.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_007_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b7Aa">7</a> Though foot ulcers have low prevalence but can lead to hospitalization, increased costs for diabetics, and amputation.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_008_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b8Aa">8</a> Control of prolonged high blood glucose level will result in damage to blood vessel walls. This leads to inflammation in the vascular endothelium, which results in increased progression of atheroma plaque formation, resulting in progressive narrowing of the vascular lumen. An increased risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is determined by the duration of DM. Prevalence of PAD is four times more common in diabetic patients. The absence of pulse in the periphery may predict poor prognosis of the foot to be amputated with or without foot ulcers. The presence of a history of leg pain and no pulse on both legs increases the likelihood of vascular insufficiency.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_009_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b9Aa">9</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_010_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c10Aa">10</a></p><p>In addition to PAD, other factors affecting foot ulcers are vision impairment. Impaired vision in diabetic patients or the elderly will affect balance, mobilization, and walking.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_009_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b9Aa">9</a> Impaired vision of diabetes occur due to hyperglycemia, which causes thickening of the basement membrane, decreasing peripheral permeability and luminal narrowing in the retina or lenses that may result in diabetic retinopathy.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_011_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c11Aa">11</a> The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of visual impairment and PAD with the occurrence of foot ulcers in patients with DM.</p></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_002_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b1Aa"><label>2</label><div>Materials and methods</div><p>This research was a quantitative study. This type of research was an observational analytic study with case–control methods. The sample was foot ulcer patients and diabetic patients. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. Inclusion criteria were diabetic patients who had foot ulcers from May 2012 to December 2012 and the patients who were willing to participate in this study. There were 34 patients with foot ulcers and 34 diabetics without foot ulcers. The research was done in outpatient and inpatient care units (1 and 3 bedrooms) of Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital. The study time was September 2012 to January 2013. Visual impairment was assessed by using an interview guide, PAD by performing examination of pulse on both legs and diabetic foot ulcers based on medical record documentation. Chi-square test was used for data analysis.</p></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_003_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b2Aa"><label>3</label><div>Results</div><p><a ref-type="table" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_tab_001_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b2b3Aa">Table 1</a> shows that of respondents who experienced ulcers, as many as 44.1% experienced visual impairment. Of all respondents who did not have ulcers, 58.8% had vision problems. The results of statistical tests showed no association between visual impairment and the incidence of ulcers (<italic>P</italic> = 0.166).</p><table-wrap id="j_FON-2019-0023_tab_001_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b2b3Aa" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Relationship between visual impairment and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in the general hospital of Dr. Moewardi Surakarta in December 2012.</p></caption><table rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Items</th><th align="center" colspan="2">No foot ulcer</th><th align="center" colspan="2">Foot ulcer</th><th align="center"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center">Odds ratio (OR)</th><th align="center" colspan="2">95% confidence interval (CI)</th></tr><tr><th align="center"></th><th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center">%</th><th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center">%</th><th align="center"></th><th align="center"></th><th align="center">Minimum</th><th align="center">Maximum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">No visual impairment</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center">41.2</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">55.9</td><td align="center">0.166</td><td align="center">0.553</td><td align="center">0.211</td><td align="center">1.146</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Vision impairment</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">58.8</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">44.1</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">100</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">100</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p><a ref-type="table" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_tab_002_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b2b5Aa">Table 2</a> shows that of respondents with foot ulcers, 73.5% experienced PAD. Of all respondents who did not have ulcers, only 32.4% experienced PAD. The result of statistical test shows that there was a significant correlation between PAD and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001). PAD is a risk factor for occurrence of foot ulcers because odds ratio (OR) = 5.808 (95% CI 2.038–16.552). This indicates that PAD respondents have 5.808 chance of ulcers compared to respondents who do not have PAD.</p><table-wrap id="j_FON-2019-0023_tab_002_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b2b5Aa" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in the general hospital of Dr. Moewardi Surakarta on December 2012.</p></caption><table rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Items</th><th align="center" colspan="2">No foot ulcer</th><th align="center" colspan="2">Foot ulcer</th><th align="center"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center">Odds ratio (OR)</th><th align="center" colspan="2">95% confidence interval (CI)</th></tr><tr><th align="center"></th><th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center">%</th><th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center">%</th><th align="center"></th><th align="center"></th><th align="center">Minimum</th><th align="center">Maximum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">No PAD</td><td align="center">23</td><td align="center">67.6</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">26.5</td><td align="center">0.001</td><td align="center">5.808</td><td align="center">2.038</td><td align="center">16.552</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PAD</td><td align="center">11</td><td align="center">32.4</td><td align="center">25</td><td align="center">73.5</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">100</td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">100</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_004_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b3Aa"><label>4</label><div>Discussion</div><p>Based on the results, it can be seen that as high as 44.1% of respondents with ulcers experienced visual impairment and 55.8% respondents who did not have ulcers experienced visual impairment. This is in contrast to the study of Melville et al.,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_003_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6b3Aa">3</a> where after 20 years of DM diagnosis, almost all respondents of type 1 DM have retinopathy, whereas 60% of retinopathy occurs in type 2 DM respondents.</p><p>Visual disturbance variables correlated significantly with foot ulcer occurrence (OR = 0.160). Respondents having visual impairment have a possibility 0.160 times for foot ulcers compared to respondents with no visual disturbance. This is consistent with the research of Prompers et al.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_012_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c12Aa">12</a> that the severity of vision impairment (the inability of a person to read the newspaper after being corrected) who have PAD or do not have PAD is associated with 1 year of ulcers (<italic>P</italic> = 0.007).</p><p>Visual impairment occurs due to the accumulation of sorbitol in the eyepiece, whose function is to withdraw water, which further damages the clarity of the eye.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_011_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c11Aa">11</a> Other eye problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, and double vision affect routine self-care behaviors such as foot inspection and daily care, which can lead to foot ulcers or amputation.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_013_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c13Aa">13</a> All of the respondents with or without ulcers experience the same process, i.e., vision disorders, e.g., retinopathy, cataract, or presbyopia due to which they have not or have been wearing glasses. Most of respondents were diagnosed with DM in older age, when it was easy to experience vision problems such as presbyopia and cataracts. Although respondents experience visual impairment, providing family support to help check legs, prevent injuries, create a safe environment, and use sticks to assist in the activity may prevent them from the incidence of ulcers.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_014_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c14Aa">14</a></p><p>PAD was significantly related to the incidence of ulcers by multivariate analysis. The result of OR was 7.749; this means that DM respondents who experienced PAD had 7.749 chance of occurrence of ulcers compared to respondents who did not experience PAD. The study of Leese et al.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_015_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c15Aa">15</a> showed that respondents who experienced a lack of pulse were at 4.7 times of risk of ulcers compared with respondents who had strongly palpable pulse. People who experience PAD will have ulcers 10 times than people who do not experience PAD.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_016_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c16Aa">16</a> PAD is a form of arteriosclerosis (stiffness and narrowing of blood vessels) due to deposits of fat or other substances that occur gradually. PAD severity indicates that there is pain at rest, difficult-to-heal wounds in the feet/fingers, and gangrene. The process of occurrence of PAD involves arterial thickening, arteriosclerosis, and tissue necrosis.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_016_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c16Aa">16</a></p><p>Arterial thickening/hardening of the arteries or plaque makes the blood flow reduction , reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the leg muscles.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_017_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c17Aa">17</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_018_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c18Aa">18</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_019_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c19Aa">19</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_020_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c20Aa">20</a> Tissue necrosis can occur due to reduced blood flow, hypoxia, so that infection and gangrene can occur and that may lead to amputation.<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_FON-2019-0023_ref_021_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b6c21Aa">21</a></p></sec><sec id="j_FON-2019-0023_s_005_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1ab1b4Aa"><label>5</label><div>Conclusions</div><p>There was no relationship between visual impairment and diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital. However, there is a relationship between PAD and diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Respondents with PAD are susceptible to foot ulcers, the risk can be 5.808 times higher than those who had not PAD. Suggestions of this study are to do foot screening and educate about the importance of foot care to prevent the occurrence of diabetic ulcers.</p></sec></div>

Relationship of visual impairment and peripheral artery disease with the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital

Frontiers of Nursing

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

ObjectiveOne of the diabetes mellitus (DM) complications is foot ulcers. Foot ulcers are influenced by many factors. DM puts patients at risk of injury because...

Relationship of visual impairment and peripheral artery disease with the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital

Article Category: Original article

Published Online: Jul 10, 2019

Page range: 157 - 160

Received: Oct 21, 2018

Accepted: Dec 28, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/FON-2019-0023

Keywords
visual impairment, peripheral artery disease, foot ulcers, diabetes mellitus, artery disease, retinopathy

© 2019 Okti Sri Purwanti et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Relationship of visual impairment and peripheral artery disease with the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers in Dr. Moewardi Hospital

Article Category: Original article

Published Online: Jul 10, 2019

Page range: 157 - 160

Received: Oct 21, 2018

Accepted: Dec 28, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/FON-2019-0023

Keywordsvisual impairment, peripheral artery disease, foot ulcers, diabetes mellitus, artery disease, retinopathy

© 2019 Okti Sri Purwanti et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Keywords
visual impairment, peripheral artery disease, foot ulcers, diabetes mellitus, artery disease, retinopathy