Assessment of physical activity status among pregnant women in southwestern China
Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Jul 10, 2019
Page range: 135 - 141
Received: Sep 08, 2018
Accepted: Nov 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/FON-2019-0020
Keywords
© 2019 Ya-Nan Yin et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Since early years of this century, the benefits of exercise during pregnancy have been realized and pregnant women have been encouraged to do regular physical activity in the absence of medical or obstetric complications.1 Studies have reported that physical activity during pregnancy may reduce the risk of pregnancy complications such as excessive gestational weight gain,2,3 gestational diabetes,4,5 preeclampsia,6 and cesarean delivery.7 In the acknowledgment of these benefits, several physical organizations endorse physical activity during pregnancy with position statement. In 2002, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommended that pregnant women should exercise at moderate intensity for at least 30 minutes on most, if not all, days of the week if no medical or obstetric complications are present.8 In addition, the US government included a section on pregnancy recommendations in its national “2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.”9 However, pregnancy is a period in the life of women which is often associated with decreased participation in sports and exercise,10 and the majority of women fail to meet the ACOG physical activity guidelines for pregnancy.8 Ning et al.11 reported that 23% of previously active women ceased to engage in exercise completely during pregnancy.
China has more than 10 million live births every year.12 Since implementation of the “one child” policy, pregnant women in China became the focus of family’s attention, and their housework and occupational workload have been reduced considerably.12 At the same time, pregnant women spend more and more time on sedentary activities,13 which leads to many negative pregnancy-related outcomes such as high incidence of gestational diabetes, macrosomia, and cesarean section.14 However, the studies of physical activity during pregnancy on the assessment of recreational activity among populations of predominantly Chinese women were sparse and there were no established physical activity guidelines for Chinese pregnant women. So, it is crucial to assess the physical activity level among Chinese pregnant women to provide appropriate sports guidelines.
The main objectives of the present study were to (1) assess the changes in patterns, intensities, and frequencies in physical activity levels during pregnancy using the Chinese version of Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) and (2) provide baseline measurements of physical activity during pregnancy for further studies.
A cross-sectional study was performed to collect information using the Chinese version of the PPAQ. Recruitment began in October 2013. A total of 1188 eligible pregnant women were enrolled (396 in the first trimester, 396 in the second trimester, and 396 in the third trimester) when they took prenatal checkup in the West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University. Women were considered ineligible for the survey if they had any of the following characteristics:15 diabetes requiring insulin, hypertension or heart disease requiring medication, chronic renal disease, nonsingleton pregnancy, and under 16 or over 40 years of age. Interviewers informed patients of the aims and procedures of the study, and each patient read and signed a written informed consent. The physical activity assessment was self-administered using the modified PPAQ; patients in the first trimester were about 12 weeks pregnant, the second trimester were between 24 and 28 weeks, and the third trimester were more than 32 weeks.
The majority of currently available physical activity questionnaires have been developed and validated in men, and most fail to include household or childcare activities.16 Here, we have considered the PPAQ for its design, with the aim of measuring the physical activity during pregnancy and for its development based on data collected among prenatal care patients.15 The PPAQ provides a semiquantitative measure of a wide range of physical activity patterns and intensities.
Chasan-Taber, one of the original authors of the PPAQ, granted permission for the development and use of a Chinese version of the PPAQ. For the purpose of this study, the PPAQ was translated into Chinese and tested for the acceptability of the wording. Since parts of the PPAQ were found inappropriate for Chinese pregnant women, for instance, some items are related to playing with pets, or mowing lawn, which rarely occur among the new generation of Chinese pregnant women.12 So, we made some changes to the questionnaire, such as removing these 2 items and adding “Going up and down stairs” to the domain of sports/exercise, because it is common among Chinese pregnant women. The energy expenditure of the new items was calculated by metabolic equivalent (MET) according to the Compendium of Physical Activities Tracking Guide.17 The content, technical, conceptual, semantic, and experiential equivalents of cultural adaptation were discussed by the research members and experts at each procedure. After cross-cultural adaptation, the Chinese version of the PPAQ is suitable for the present study.
The last version of the questionnaire contains 5 domains of physical activities including “Household/Care-giving” (9 activities), “Occupational” (5 activities), “Sports/Exercise” (8 activities + 2 open-ended), “Transportation” (3 activities), and “Inactivity” (4 activities). Women were categorized according to whether they achieved ACOG guidelines. Women with ≥10 MET-hours/week in sports/exercise activities of moderate intensity or greater were considered to have met the ACOG guidelines.18
The Chinese version of the PPAQ was self-administered and took about 15 minutes to complete. The weekly average of energy expenditure (MET-hours/week) was obtained by the reported time spent at each activity multiplied by its intensity and summed to derive the weekly score. The intensities were grouped into 4 categories: sedentary activity (<1.5MET), light intensity (1.5 to <3.0 MET), moderate intensity (≥3.0 to ≤6.0 MET), and vigorous intensity (>6.0 MET).
To validate the Chinese version of the PPAQ, we recruited 60 subjects from Chengdu, located in southwestern China, via prenatal care patients in West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University. According to the reflection of the opinions of pregnant women, we revised the Chinese version of the questionnaire and derived the final version of the PPAQ.
All analyses were conducted with SAS9.1 (Raleigh, NC). For the continuous or ordinal measurements (e.g., maternal age and PPAQ scores), proportion, quartile, means, and variations (SD) were calculated to describe the sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and results of the survey.
A total of 1179 pregnant women completed the survey from October 2013 to January 2014. Among them, 391, 392, and 396 women were in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Overall, the majority of participants were Han (95.65%–97.73%), nulliparous (76.79%–79.29%), employed or studying (72.70%–76.01%), and living in city (77.81%–84.85%) medium per capita income (over 36000¥, from 81.89% to 86.36%) and high level of education (some college/graduate from 52.29% to 64.65%). There was no statistically significant difference between the ages, prepregnancy body mass indexes (BMIs), annual per capita incomes, cigarette smoking, and occupational status in different trimesters (Table 1).
Pregnant women’s characteristics.
| Variables | First trimester ( | Second trimester ( | Third trimester ( |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.96±3.77 | 30.14±4.25 | 29.99±3.88 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 20.77±2.94 | 20.52±2.78 | 20.57±2.53 |
| Occupational status | |||
| Employed or studying | 295 (75.45) | 285 (72.70) | 301 (76.01) |
| Unemployed | 96 (24.55) | 107 (27.30) | 95 (23.99) |
| Educational status | |||
| <High school | 15 (3.84)* | 33 (8.42)* | 12 (3.03)* |
| High school | 134 (34.27) | 154 (39.29) | 128 (32.32) |
| Some college/graduate | 242 (61.89) | 205 (52.29) | 256 (64.65) |
| Annual per capita income (¥) | |||
| ≤24,000 | 14 (3.58) | 18 (4.59) | 10 (2.53) |
| >24,000–36,000 | 48 (12.28) | 53 (13.52) | 44 (11.11) |
| >36,000 | 329 (84.14) | 321 (81.89) | 342 (86.36) |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 303 (77.49) | 301 (76.79) | 314 (79.29) |
| ≥1 | 88 (22.51) | 91 (23.21) | 82 (20.71) |
| Maternal race | |||
| Han | 374 (95.65) | 381 (97.19) | 387 (97.73) |
| Minority | 17 (4.35) | 11 (2.81) | 9 (2.27) |
| Prepregnancy cigarette smoking | |||
| No | 382 (97.70) | 375 (95.66) | 385 (97.22) |
| Yes | 9 (2.30) | 17 (4.34) | 11 (2.78) |
| Region of residence | |||
| City | 316 (80.82) | 305 (77.81) | 336 (84.85) |
| Countryside | 75 (19.18) | 87 (22.19) | 60 (15.15) |
Cronbach’s a coefficient and content validity were 0.76 and 0.93, respectively. A total of 5.64% in the first trimester, 7.40% in the second trimester, and 6.57% in the third trimester of the participants met the ACOG guidelines during pregnancy (accumulated ≥10 MET-hours/week, equivalent to 2.5 hours/week of moderate-intensity activity; Table 2). Using the Chinese version of the PPAQ, 47.36% of the score was attributed to the light-intensity activities (1.5 to <3.0 MET), 40.33% to sedentary activities (<1.5MET), and 12.29% to moderate-intensity activities (≥3.0 to ≤6.0 MET) in the first trimester, which was similar to the other 2 trimesters (Table 3). As to the type of physical activity, 45.15% of the Chinese version of the PPAQ score was attributed to inactivity, followed by occupation-related activities (33.60%), household/caregiving activities (13.78%), transportation-related activities (5.07%) and sports/exercise-related activities (2.45%) in the first trimester (Table 4). The majority of Chinese women considered slow walking as the most common type of exercise during pregnancy; participation rate ranged from 82.35% in the first trimester to 90.66% in the second trimester, followed by stair climbing (63.64% to 69.39%). There were only 8 pregnant women engaged in swimming in the first trimester, which reduced to 0 in the third trimester (Table 5).
Distribution and scores of sports/exercises according to ACOG guidelines among Chinese pregnant women.
| Gestation scores | Accumulated ≥ 10 MET-hours/week | Accumulated < 10 MET-hours/week | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | ||||
| First trimester ( | 22 (5.63) | 344.12±146.02 | 369 (94.37) | 219.14±72.35 | 0.000 |
| Second trimester ( | 29 (7.40) | 297.02±128.67 | 363 (92.60) | 217.41±72.02 | 0.000 |
| Third trimester ( | 26 (6.57) | 304.74±105.33 | 370 (93.43) | 217.59±79.84 | 0.037 |
Intensity scores of physical activity levels using the PPAQ among Chinese pregnant women (MET-hours/week)
| Intensity | Gestation | Mean | SD | Min | 25th | Median | 75th | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedentary | First trimester | 90.92 | 24.16 | 39.56 | 72.94 | 88.55 | 106.40 | 163.80 | |
| Second trimester | 83.99 | 23.23 | 42.49 | 65.32 | 79.80 | 99.62 | 159.60 | 0.001 | |
| Third trimester | 87.51 | 24.23 | 29.62 | 69.30 | 82.78 | 101.50 | 163.80 | ||
| Light | First trimester | 106.76 | 53.11 | 1.26 | 75.34 | 107.37 | 133.88 | 292.60 | |
| Second trimester | 105.95 | 51.06 | 4.19 | 67.74 | 107.59 | 137.18 | 293.10 | 0.753 | |
| Third trimester | 108.16 | 54.68 | 10.14 | 69.54 | 108.28 | 139.13 | 286.55 | ||
| Moderate | First trimester | 27.70 | 39.58 | 0.00 | 4.84 | 10.78 | 39.14 | 334.85 | |
| Second trimester | 29.50 | 41.44 | 0.00 | 6.00 | 11.40 | 37.43 | 316.24 | 0.047 | |
| Third trimester | 27.13 | 40.40 | 0.00 | 4.84 | 10.82 | 28.31 | 245.76 | ||
| Vigorous | First trimester | 0.06 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.01 | |
| Second trimester | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.01 | 0.103 | |
| Third trimester | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.01 |
Type scores of physical activity levels using the PPAQ among Chinese pregnant women (MET-hours/week).
| Type | Gestation | Mean | SD | Min | 25th | Median | 75th | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivity | First trimester | 101.88 | 29.96 | 41.08 | 79.44 | 99.69 | 119.00 | 189.00 | |
| Second trimester | 94.29 | 28.31 | 45.86 | 71.20 | 90.52 | 109.40 | 197.40 | 0.010 | |
| Third trimester | 99.00 | 29.61 | 35.92 | 77.50 | 93.86 | 116.69 | 201.60 | ||
| Household/caregiving | First trimester | 31.10 | 31.57 | 0.00 | 12.43 | 22.64 | 38.15 | 223.36 | |
| Second trimester | 33.37 | 29.68 | 1.26 | 14.57 | 23.98 | 39.93 | 255.54 | 0.176 | |
| Third trimester | 31.44 | 28.49 | 3.19 | 13.30 | 22.64 | 40.05 | 216.71 | ||
| Occupational | First trimester | 75.82 | 56.60 | 0.00 | 36.19 | 74.90 | 99.05 | 330.37 | |
| Second trimester | 77.92 | 60.04 | 0.00 | 32.87 | 74.90 | 101.35 | 364.00 | 0.323 | |
| Third trimester | 76.10 | 54.00 | 0.00 | 33.57 | 74.90 | 100.71 | 304.36 | ||
| Sports/exercise | First trimester | 5.42 | 9.92 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 4.78 | 5.39 | 115.5 | |
| Second trimester | 5.63 | 6.46 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 4.94 | 6.00 | 43.27 | 0.001 | |
| Third trimester | 5.18 | 6.72 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 4.84 | 5.93 | 41.95 | ||
| Transportation | First trimester | 11.44 | 12.41 | 0.00 | 2.10 | 8.75 | 14.49 | 92.75 | |
| Second trimester | 11.86 | 11.16 | 0.00 | 3.36 | 8.75 | 17.36 | 77.00 | 0.255 | |
| Third trimester | 11.27 | 13.80 | 0.00 | 2.10 | 8.75 | 14.00 | 124.25 |
Distribution of exercise type in different trimesters using the PPAQ among Chinese pregnant women.
| Type of exercise | First trimester ( | Second trimester ( | Third trimester ( | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | |||||
| Climbing the stairs | 258 | 65.98 | 272 | 69.39 | 252 | 63.64 | 0.229 |
| Slow walking | 322 | 82.35 | 347 | 88.52 | 359 | 90.66 | 0.001 |
| Quick walking | 95 | 24.30 | 109 | 27.81 | 103 | 26.01 | 0.535 |
| Walking quickly up hills | 30 | 7.67 | 32 | 8.16 | 18 | 4.55 | 0.091 |
| Jogging | 37 | 9.46 | 25 | 6.38 | 17 | 4.29 | 0.014 |
| Prenatal exercise class | 19 | 4.86 | 16 | 4.08 | 8 | 2.02 | 0.089 |
| Swimming | 8 | 2.05 | 3 | 0.77 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.003 |
| Dancing | 25 | 6.39 | 25 | 6.38 | 17 | 4.29 | 0.341 |
In this cross-sectional study of 1179 Chinese pregnant women, there were statistically significant differences between meeting ACOG guidelines or not in all the 3 trimesters, respectively, and only 5.63%–7.40% of the pregnant women met the ACOG guidelines (accumulated sports/exercise scores ≥10 MET-hours/week) in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. This is consistent with prior observations of lower levels of sports/exercise activities during pregnancy in Americans.18 Previous research has shown that most women reduced their physical activity level during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy compared with their level of activity during the year prior to pregnancy, particularly for sports and exercise.19 Leiferman and Evenson20 reported that the prevalence of meeting physical activity guidelines (defined consistently with ACOG guidelines) was only 12% among 1979 pregnant women. Differences in study findings are due to variation in the definition of meeting physical activity guidelines as well as racial/ethnic and sociodemographic differences between study samples.
By intensity, the percentage of pregnant women who participated in sedentary and light-intensity activities was more than 85% over the 3 trimesters, and there were few pregnant women engaged in vigorous-intensity activities. The result showed that the intensity of physical activity during pregnancy was too low to meet the ACOG guidelines in majority pregnant women in China. Women with moderate activity showed a 7% reduction in odds of gestational diabetes mellitus compared with women who reported low activity (odds ratio [OR]: 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72, 1.19).21 A study conducted in the United States revealed that most obstetricians (74%) agreed that pregnant women would gain some benefit from moderate-intensity activities.22 Yeo et al.23 suggested that more vigorous the activities were, the greater the reduction in the risk for preeclampsia. However, other studies have showed that pregnant women reported that light-intensity exercises or physical activities are safer than more vigorous-intensity activities during pregnancy.24,25 Therefore, according to the ACOG guidelines, on the assumption of the safety of mothers and fetuses, the Chinese pregnant women should try to participate in some moderate-intensity activities during pregnancy.
By type, only 13.78% of the PPAQ score was attributed to household/caregiving activities in China. However, household/caregiving activities had been reported to constitute a significant proportion of physical activity during pregnancy in other countries.26 Chasan-Taber et al.’s,27 collected information on household/caregiving, findings showed that greater amounts of prepregnancy and midpregnancy household/caregiving activities were associated with a decreased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. This was mainly due to the difference in family culture, since the “one child” policy, the pregnant women rarely engaged in household/caregiving activities. The total types of exercise for pregnant women in China were too unitary, dominated by walking and climbing the stairs. Walking is the most common pattern of physical activity during pregnancy.28 In this survey, slow walking could be the most popular activity for women during pregnancy (>82.35%). In the study by Dempsey et al.,5 women who reported a brisk usual walking were associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes. Climbing the stairs and quick walking were also commonly seen among pregnant women. More patterns of exercise should be investigated and provided to pregnant women in the future.
After all, during pregnancy, obstetricians and nurses should provide information to guide pregnant women how to take exercise, and the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise should start at a level that does not result in pain, shortness of breath, or excessive fatigue.29
An important strength of this study is that this is the first large sample survey used for investigating the patterns and intensities of total physical activity during pregnancy (household/caregiving, occupational, sports/exercise, transportation, and inactivity) in China, which could provide the baseline data for the further study. The study has several limitations. We relied on self-reported measures of physical activity during pregnancy, which may have resulted in misclassification. Future studies should focus on elucidating the use of validated assessment tools and the optimal dose of physical activity during pregnancy for pregnant women, particularly for Chinese pregnant women.
This study represents a group of Chinese women who maintained an inactive lifestyle, including low-intensity activity and unitary type of exercise during their pregnancy. Therefore, obstetricians and midwives should provide the unique opportunity to help their prenatal care patients identify strategies to overcome barriers to adopt and maintain prenatal physical activity.