Pupillary dilation reflex and pupillary pain index evaluation during general anaesthesia: a pilot study

1. Cowen R, Stasiowska MK, Laycock H, Bantel C. Assessing pain objectively: the use of physiological markers. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 828-847. doi: 10.1111/anae.13018Search in Google Scholar

2. Guignard B. Monitoring analgesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2006; 20: 161-180. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.09.002Search in Google Scholar

3. Couret D, Boumaza D, Grisotto C, Triglia T, Pellegrini L, Ocquidant P, et al. Reliability of standard pupillometry practice in neurocritical care: an observational, double-blinded study. Crit Care 2016; 20: 99. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1239-zSearch in Google Scholar

4. Larson MD. The effect of antiemetics on pupillary reflex dilation during epidural/general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 1652-1656. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000090011.19809.93Search in Google Scholar

5. Rollins MD, Feiner JR, Lee JM, Shah S, Larson M. Pupillary effects of high-dose opioid quantified with infrared pupillometry. Anesthesiology 2014; 121: 1037-1044. doi: 10.1097/ALN. 0000000000000384Search in Google Scholar

6. Larson MD, Sessler DI, Washington DE, Merrifield BR, Hynson JA, McGuire J. Pupillary response to noxious stimulation during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1993; 76: 1072-107810.1213/00000539-199305000-00028Search in Google Scholar

7. Larson MD, Sessler DI. Pupillometry to guide postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 980-982. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318251d21bSearch in Google Scholar

8. Larson MD, Behrends M. Portable infrared pupillometry: a review. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 1242-1253. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000314Search in Google Scholar

9. Marsh B, White M, Morton N, Kenny GN. Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 41-48. doi: 10.1093/bja/67.1.41Search in Google Scholar

10. Shafer SL, Gregg KM. Algorithms to rapidly achieve and maintain stable drug concentrations at the site of drug effect with a computer-controlled infusion pump. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1992; 20: 147-169. doi: 10.1007/BF01070999Search in Google Scholar

11. Peng PW, Sandler AN. A review of the use of fentanyl analgesia in the management of acute pain in adults. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 576-59910.1097/00000542-199902000-00034Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Scott JC, Ponganis KV, Stanski DR. EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 234-24110.1097/00000542-198503000-00005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Fletcher D, Martinez V. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in patients after surgery: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 991-1004. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu137Search in Google Scholar

14. Lusk B, Lash AA. The stress response, psychoneuroimmunology, and stress among ICU patients. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2005; 24: 25-31. doi: 10.1097/00003465-200501000-00004Search in Google Scholar

15. Bernardini R, Tinè A, Mauceri G, Mazzarino MC, Malaponte G, Nicosia A, et al. Plasma beta-endorphin levels and natural-killer cells in two cases of congenital indifference to pain. Childs Nerv Syst 1992; 8: 83-85. doi: 10.1007/BF00298446Search in Google Scholar

16. Greisen J, Hokland M, Grøfte T, Hansen PO, Jensen TS, Vilstrup H, et al. Acute pain induces an instant increase in natural killer cell cytotoxicity in humans and this response is abolished by local anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83: 235-240. doi: 10.1093/bja/83.2.235Search in Google Scholar

17. Koga C, Itoh K, Aoki M, Suefuji Y, Yoshida M, Asosina S, et al. Anxiety and pain suppress the natural killer cell activity in oral surgery outpatients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91: 654-658. doi: 10.1067/moe.2001.115465Search in Google Scholar

18. De Jonckheere J, Bonhomme V, Jeanne M, Boselli E, Gruenewald M, Logier R, et al. Physiological Signal Processing for Individualized Anti-nociception Management During General Anesthesia: a Review. Yearb Med Inform 2015; 10: 95-101. doi: 10.15265/IY-2015-004Search in Google Scholar

19. Larson MD, Tayefeh F, Sessler DI, Daniel M, Noorani M. Sympathetic nervous system does not mediate reflex pupillary dilation during desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 748-75410.1097/00000542-199610000-00009Search in Google Scholar

20. Barvais L, Engelman E, Eba JM, Coussaert E, Cantraine F, Kenny GN. Effect site concentrations of remifentanil and pupil response to noxious stimulation. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 347-352. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg178Search in Google Scholar

21. Rosow C. Portable infrared pupillometry: ready for prime time? Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 1184-1185. doi: 10.1213/ANE. 0000000000000724Search in Google Scholar

22. Gray AT, Krejci ST, Larson MD. Neuromuscular blocking drugs do not alter the pupillary light reflex of anesthetized humans. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 579-584. doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550170055014Search in Google Scholar

23. Ebert TJ, Muzi M, Berens R, Goff D, Kampine JP. Sympathetic responses to induction of anesthesia in humans with propofolor etomidate. Anesthesiology 1992; 76: 725-733. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199205000-00010Search in Google Scholar

24. Jakuscheit A, Weth J, Lichtner G, Jurth C, Rehberg B, von Dincklage F. Intraoperative monitoring of analgesia using nociceptive reflexes correlates with delayed extubation and immediate postoperative pain: A prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34: 297-305. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000597Search in Google Scholar