Open Access

Determinants of under-representation of women on Boards of Directors: an exploratory study of African public and private firms


Cite

Adams, R. B. (2016). Women on boards: the superheroes of tomorrow? (Finance Working Paper No. 466, p. 1-55).Search in Google Scholar

Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2007). A theory of friendly boards. Journal of Finance, 62, 217-250.10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01206.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94, 291-309.10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Adams, R. B., Haan, J., Terjesen, S., & van Ees, H. (2015). Board diversity: moving the field forward. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(2), 77-82.10.1111/corg.12106Search in Google Scholar

African Development Bank. (2015). Where are the women. Abidjan: African Development Bank Press.Search in Google Scholar

Austin, J. E. (1990). Managing in developing countries: strategic analysis and operating techniques. New York: Free Press.Search in Google Scholar

Boivie, S., Bednar, M., Aguilera, R., & Andrus, J. (2016). Are boards designed to fail? The implausibility of effective board monitoring. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 319-407.10.5465/19416520.2016.1120957Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Bourgoin, H. (1984). L’Afrique malade du management. Paris, Jean Picollec.Search in Google Scholar

Brammer, S, Millington, A, & Pavelin, S. (2007). Gender and ethnic diversity among UK corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15, 393-403. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00569.xSearch in Google Scholar

Burgess, Z., & Tharenou, P. (2002). Women board directors: characteristics of the few. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 39-49.10.1023/A:1014726001155Search in Google Scholar

Burke, R. J. (2003). Women on corporate boards of directors: the timing is right, Journal of Women in Management Review, 18(7), 346-348.10.1108/09649420310498966Search in Google Scholar

Cabrera-Fernandez, A. I., Martinez-Jimeniz, R., & Hernandez-Ortiz, M. J. (2016).Search in Google Scholar

Women’s participation on boards of directors: a review of the literature. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8, 1-22.Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, K., & Minguez-Vera, A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 435-451.10.1007/s10551-007-9630-yOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Carter, D. A., Souza, F. D., Simkins, B. J., & Simpson, W. G. (2010). The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18, 396-414. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.xSearch in Google Scholar

Catalyst. (2011). The bottom line: corporate performance and women’s representation on boards (2004‐2008). Retrieved from: http://www.catalyst.org/Search in Google Scholar

Catalyst. (2015). Women in S&P 500 companies. Retrieved from: http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-sp-500-companies.Search in Google Scholar

Claringbould, I., & Knoppers, A. (2007). Finding a ‘normal’ woman: selection processes for board membership, Sex Roles, 56, 495-507.10.1007/s11199-007-9188-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Compaore, P. N. (2000). Femmes, developpement et transfert de technologies: le cas des presses a karite au Burkina Faso. These de doctorat en sociologie. Montreal, Universite de Montreal.Search in Google Scholar

Daily, C. M., Certo, S. T., & Dalton, D. R. (1999). A decade of corporate women: some progress in the boardroom, none in the executive suite. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), 93-99.10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199901)20:1<93::AID-SMJ18>3.0.CO;2-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Darmadi, S. (2013). Board members’ education and firm performance: evidence from a developing economy. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 23(2), 113-135.10.1108/10569211311324911Search in Google Scholar

Davidson, M.J., & Burke, R. J. (2000). Women in management: current research issues vol. 2, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Desrosiers, M., & Lepine, I. (1991). La place des femmes dans la gestion: perspectives de recherche, In I. Lepine, & C. Simard, Prendre sa place dans l’univers organisationnel (3-52). Ottava, Editions Agence d’Arc.Search in Google Scholar

Dillard, J., & Reynolds, M. A. (2008). Green owl and the corn maiden. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 28(4), 556-579.10.1108/09513570810872923Search in Google Scholar

European Union. (2016). Gender diversity on European boards. Annual report, Brussels.Search in Google Scholar

Farrell, K. A., & Hersch, P. L. (2005). Additions to corporate boards: the effect of gender. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11, 85-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2003.12.001Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, K. (1984). The feminist case against bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Temple, University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. A., Jr. 2009. Strategic leadership: theory and research on executives, top management teams and boards. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0005Search in Google Scholar

Fondas, N., & Sassalos, S. (2000). A different voice in the boardroom: how the presence of women directors affects board influence over management. Global Focus, 12, 13-22.Search in Google Scholar

Galbreath, J. (2011). Are there gender-related influences on corporate sustainability? A study of women on boards of directors. Journal of Management and Organization, 17, 17-38.10.1017/S1833367200001693Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Garba, T., & Abubakar, B. A. (2014 February). Corporate board diversity and financial performance of insurance companies in Nigeria: an application of panel data approach, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(2), 257-277.Search in Google Scholar

Gidengil, E., & Vengroff, R. (1997 Fall). Representative bureaucracy, tokenism and the glass ceiling: the case of women in Quebec municipal administration, Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada, 40(3), 457-480.10.1111/j.1754-7121.1997.tb01519.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice psychological theory and women development, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Guy, M. E. (1994 Spring). Organizational architecture, gender and women’s careers. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 14(2), 77-90.10.1177/0734371X9401400208Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Harel-Giasson, F. (1993 novembre). Sans les habiletes politiques, point de salut!. Revue Gestion, 130-139.Search in Google Scholar

Harjoto, M., Laksmana, I., & Lee, R. (2015). Board diversity and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 132, 641-660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-234310.1007/s10551-014-2343Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hillman, J. A. (2015). Board diversity: beginning to unpeel the onion. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(2), 104-107.10.1111/corg.12090Search in Google Scholar

Huse, M., & Solberg, A. G. (2006). Gender-related boardroom, dynamics: how Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards. Women in Management Review, 21(2), 113-130.10.1108/09649420610650693Search in Google Scholar

Jackson S. E., Joshi, A., & Erhardt, N. L. (2003). Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. Journal of Management 29(6), 801-830. doi:10.1016/S01492063_03_00080-1.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., & Whitney, K. (1995). Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations, 204, 261.Search in Google Scholar

Joy, L. (2008 July). Advancing women leaders: the connection between women board directors and women corporate officers. Catalyst Research Reports.Search in Google Scholar

Kamdem, E., & Ikelle, R. (2011). Management de la diversite et genre au Cameroun: une approche en termes d’accompagnement de l’entrepreneuriat feminin. Humanisme et Entreprise, 305, 49-64.10.3917/hume.305.0049Search in Google Scholar

Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.Search in Google Scholar

Kessy, M. Z. (1998). Culture africaine et gestion de l’entreprise moderne. Abidjan: CEDA Editions.Search in Google Scholar

Khanna, P., Jones, C. D., & Boivie, S. (2014). Director human capital, information processing demands, and board effectiveness. Journal of Management, 40(2), 557-585.10.1177/0149206313515523Search in Google Scholar

Knockaert, M., Bjornali, E. S., & Erickson, T. (2015). Joining forces: top management team and board chair characteristics as antecedents of board service involvement. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(3), 420-435.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Letza, S. (2017). Corporate governance and the African business context: the case of Nigeria. Economics and Business Review, 3(17), No. 1, 2017, 184-204.Search in Google Scholar

Lortie-Lussier, M., & Rinfret, N. (2002 Winter). The proportion of women managers: where is the critical mass?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(9), 1974-1991.10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00268.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Lyness, K. S., & Thompson, D. E. (2000). Climbing the corporate ladder: do female and male executives follow the same route. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 86-101.10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.86Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Machold, S., Ahmed, P. K., & Farquhar, S. S. (2008). Corporate governance and ethics: a feminist perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 665-678.10.1007/s10551-007-9539-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Maineiro, L. A. (1994 Spring). On breaking the glass ceiling: the political seasoning of powerful women executives. Organizational Dynamics, 22(4), 5-20.10.1016/0090-2616(94)90075-2Search in Google Scholar

McKinsey. (2016). Women matter Africa. Pretoria, Annual Report.Search in Google Scholar

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded source book (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Miller, T, & Triana, M. C. (2009). Demographic diversity in the boardroom: mediators of the board diversity-firm performance relationship. Journal of Management Studies, 46, 755-786. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00839.xSearch in Google Scholar

Milliken, F., & Martins, L. (1996). Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21, 402-433.10.5465/amr.1996.9605060217Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Moore, L. L. (1986). Not as fare as you think. The realities of working women, Toronto: Lexington Books.Search in Google Scholar

Ouedraogo, A. (2003). Alliances strategiques dans les pays en developpement, specificite, management et conditions de performance. These de doctorat (Ph.D.) en sciences de gestion, Montreal: HEC Montreal.Search in Google Scholar

Pande, R., & Ford, D. (2011). Gender quotas and female leadership: a review. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development.Search in Google Scholar

Post, C., & Byron, K. (2014). Women on boards and firm financial performance: a meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1546-1571. doi: 10.5465/amj.2013.0319Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, J., McNulty, T., & Stiles, P. (2005). Beyond agency conceptions of the work of the non-executive director: creating accountability in the boardroom, British Journal of Management, 16, 1-22.10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00444.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Rose, C. (2007). Does female board representation influence firm performance the Danish evidence. Corporate Governance, 15(2), 404-413. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00570.xSearch in Google Scholar

Rouamba, L. (2011). La participation des femmes a la vie publique au Burkina Faso (1957-2009). These de doctorat en sociologie, Montreal, Universite du Quebec a Montreal.Search in Google Scholar

Rouamba, L., & Descarries, F. (2010). Les femmes dans le pouvoir executif au Burkina Faso (1957-2009). Recherches Feministes, 23(1), 99-122.10.7202/044424arSearch in Google Scholar

Seierstad, C., & Kirton, G. (2015). Having it all? Women in high commitment careers and work-life balance in Norway. Gender, Work and Organization, 22(4), 393-404.10.1111/gwao.12099Search in Google Scholar

Shafique, Y., Idress, S., & Yousaf, H. 2014. Impact of boards’ gender diversity on firms’ profitability: evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 6, 296-307.Search in Google Scholar

Simard, C., & Tarrab, G. (1986). Une gestion au feminin?, Nouvelles realites. Boucherville: Editions C. Vermette.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, N., Smith V., & Verner, M. (2006). Do women in top management affect firm performance?. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55(7), 569-593.10.1108/17410400610702160Search in Google Scholar

St-Onge, S., & Magnan, M. (2013). Les femmes au sein des conseils d’administration: bilan des connaissances et voies de recherche future. Revue Finance, Controle et Strategie, 16(1), 2-25.10.4000/fcs.1292Search in Google Scholar

Strom, R. O., D’Espallier, B., & Mersland, R. (2014). Female leadership, performance, and governance in microfinance institutions. Journal of Banking & Finance, 42, 60-75.10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.01.014Search in Google Scholar

Sun, S. L., Zhu, J., & Ye, K. (2015). Board openness during an economic crisis. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(2), 363-377.10.1007/s10551-014-2164-1Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, V. (2002). La marchandisation de la gouvernance. Perspectives feministes critiques du Sud. Edite de l’anglais par Fatou Sow. Paris: L’Harmattan.Search in Google Scholar

Tchouassi, G., & Nosseyamba, B. (2011). Corporate governance and maximization of shareholder value: theoretical analysis from Francophone countries in Africa. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 3(6), 198-206.Search in Google Scholar

Terjesen, S., & Singh V. (2008). Female presence on corporate boards: a multi-country study of environmental context. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 55-63.10.1007/s10551-007-9656-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Triana, M. C., Miller, T. L., & Trzebiatowski, T. M. (2013 March-April). The doubleedged nature of board gender diversity: diversity, firm performance, and the power of women directors as predictors of strategic change. Organization Science, 25(2), 609-632.10.1287/orsc.2013.0842Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Watson, W., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. (1993). Cultural diversity’s impact on interaction process and performance: comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 590-602. doi: 10.2307/256593Search in Google Scholar

Westphal, J., & Milton, L. (2000). How experiences and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(2), 366-398.10.2307/2667075Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

White, B., Cox, C., & Cooper, C. L. (1992). Women’s career development. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

White, B., Cox, C., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). A portrait of successful women. Women in Management Review, 12(1), 27-34.10.1108/09649429710162910Search in Google Scholar

Woetzel, J. et al. (2018). The power of parity: advancing women’s equality in Asia pacific.Search in Google Scholar

Shanghai: The McKinsey Global Institute Report.Search in Google Scholar

Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Young, I. 1994. Gender as seriality: thinking about women as a social collective. Signs, 19(3), 713-738.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, J. Q., Zhu, H., & Ding, H.-B. (2013). Board composition and corporate social responsibility: an empirical investigation in the post Sarbanes-Oxley era. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 381-392.10.1007/s10551-012-1352-0Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, D. H., Shen, W., & Hillman, A. J. (2014). Recategorization into the in-group. The appointment of demographically different new directors and their subsequent positions on corporate boards. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59, 240-270.10.1177/0001839214530951Search in Google Scholar