Impact of Entertainment Motivational Drivers on User Acceptance of Online Social Network Banner Advertising: A Gratification Perspective

Adnan, M., Shahzad, M., Husain, T., Waseem, Y., Muhammad, I., & Nawaz, A. (2015). Usage of social networking sites in Pakistan interpersonal communication and motives of youth. Research on Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(5), 133-140.Search in Google Scholar

Al-Menayes, J. J. (2015). Motivations for using social media: An exploratory factor analysis. Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(1), 43-50.10.5539/ijps.v7n1p43Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.41110.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411Search in Google Scholar

Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents’ motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 209-213. Doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.022810.1089/cpb.2008.0228Search in Google Scholar

Bartsch, A., & Viehoff, R. (2010). The use of media entertainment and emotional gratification. Procedia - Social & Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2247-2255. Doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.44410.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.444Search in Google Scholar

Bayton, J. A. (1958). Motivation, cognition, learning: Basic factors in consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing, 22(3), 282-289. DOI: 10.2307/124711910.2307/1247119Search in Google Scholar

Beniwal, V. S., Dhar-James, B., & Tomer, J. (2015). Why adolescents use social networking sites: A gender-based analysis. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-10.Search in Google Scholar

Berlyne, D. E. (1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Perception & Psychophysics, 8(5A), 279-286. doi: 10.3758/BF03212593 Search in Google Scholar

Bloch, P. H., Sherrell, D. L. & Ridgway, N. M. (1986). Consumer search: An extended framework. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 119-126. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/20905210.1086/209052Search in Google Scholar

Bosshart, L., & Macconi, I. (1998). Media entertainment. Communication Research Trends, 18(3), 3-8.Search in Google Scholar

Bouwman, H., & Van de Wijngaert, L. (2002). Content and context: An exploration of the basic characteristics of information needs. New Media & Society, 4(3), 329-353. Doi: 10.1177/14614448020040030210.1177/146144480200400302Search in Google Scholar

Bowling, A. (1997). Research methods in health. Buckingham: Open University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. Doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.xSearch in Google Scholar

Briggs, R., & Hollis, N. (1997). Advertising on the web: Is there response before click-through? Journal of Advertising Research, 37(2), 33- 45.Search in Google Scholar

Buami, E. K. (2014). Social networking site as platform for advertisement: Does it really work? International Journal of ICT and Management, 2(1), 40-47.Search in Google Scholar

Burgess, D. (2015). Online banner adverts: More than the final click. Journal of Student Research, 4(2), 94-104. Retrieved from http://www.jofsr.com/index.php/path/article/view/26110.47611/jsr.v4i2.261Search in Google Scholar

Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, andprogramming. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Search in Google Scholar

Cha, J. (2010). Factors affecting the frequency and amount of social networking site use: Motivations, perceptions, and privacy concerns. First Monday, 15(12). http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2889/2685. Accessed 17/8/2013.Search in Google Scholar

Chandon, J. L., Chtourou, M. S., & Fortin, D. R. (2003). Effects of configuration and exposure levels on responses to web advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research, 43(2), 217-29. Doi: 10.2501/JAR-43-2-217-22910.2501/JAR-43-2-217-229Search in Google Scholar

Chatterjee, P. (2008). Are unclicked ads wasted? Enduring effects of banner and pop-up ad exposures on brand memory and attitudes. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1), 51-61.Search in Google Scholar

Chatterjee, P., Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (2003). Modeling the clickstream: Implications for webbased advertising efforts. Marketing Science, 22(4), 520-541.Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.22.4.520.2490610.1287/mksc.22.4.520.24906Search in Google Scholar

Chen, H. (2012). Relationship between motivation and behavior of SNS user. Journal of Software, 7(6), 1265-1272. Doi:10.4304/jsw.7.6.1265-127210.4304/jsw.7.6.1265-1272Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Q., & Wells, W. D. (1999). Attitude toward the site. Journal of Advertising Research, 39(5), 27-37.Search in Google Scholar

Chi, H-H. (2011). Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: Exploratory study of user motivation and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 44-61.Search in Google Scholar

Chin, W.W. (1998). Issues and opinion on structural equation modelling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), 7-6.Search in Google Scholar

Chou, S-Y., Rashad, I., & Grossman, M. (2008). Fast-food restaurant advertising on television and its influence on childhood obesity. Journal of Law and Economics, 51(4), 599-618. Doi: 10.3386/w1187910.3386/w11879Search in Google Scholar

Chu, S-C. (2011). Viral advertising in social media: Participation in Facebook groups and responses among college-aged users. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 30-43.10.1080/15252019.2011.10722189Search in Google Scholar

Chung, H. & Zhao, X. (2004). Effects of Perceived Interactivity on Web Site Preference and Memory: Role of Personal Motivation. In: Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 10(1), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue1/chung.html.Search in Google Scholar

Churchill, G. A. Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73. Doi: 10.2307/315087610.2307/3150876Search in Google Scholar

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309Search in Google Scholar

Comrey, A. L. (1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 754-761. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.5.75410.1037/0022-006X.56.5.754Search in Google Scholar

Danaher, P., & Mullarkey, G. (2003). Factors Affecting Online Advertising Recall: A study on Students. Journal of Advertising Research, 43(3), 252-267. doi: 10.2501/JAR-43-3-252-267Search in Google Scholar

Dahlen, M. (2002). Learning the Web: Internet user experience and response to web marketing inSweden. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 3(1), 25-33. 10.1080/15252019.2002.10722065Search in Google Scholar

Dhaha I. S. Y. & Igalem A. B. (2013). Facebook usage among Somali youth: A test of uses and gratifications approach. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science, 3(3), 299-313.Search in Google Scholar

Dimoka, A. (2010). What does the brain tell us about trust and distrust? Evidence from a functional neuro-imaging study. MIS Quarterly, 34(2), 1-24.10.2307/20721433Search in Google Scholar

Dogruer, N., Menevis, I., & Eyyam, R. (2011). What is the motivation for using Facebook? Procedia-Social & Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2642-2646. Doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.16210.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.162Search in Google Scholar

Dunne, A., Lawlor, M-A., & Rowley, J. (2010). Young people’s use of online Social network sites: A uses and gratifications perspective. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 4(1), 46-58. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1750593101103355110.1108/17505931011033551Search in Google Scholar

Dunn, S. C., Seaker, R. F., & Waller, M. A. (1994). Latent variables in business logistics research: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Logistics, 15(2), 145-172.Search in Google Scholar

Edwards, S. M. (2011). A social media mindset. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 1-3.10.1080/15252019.2011.10722186Search in Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. (2001). Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: An integrative analytical framework. Organizational Research Methods, 4(2), 144-192. Doi: 10.1177/10944281014200410.1177/109442810142004Search in Google Scholar

Eighmey. J., & McCord, L. (1998). Adding value in the information age: Uses and gratifi cations of sites on the wide web. Journal of Business Research, 41(3), 187-194. Doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00061-110.1016/S0148-2963(97)00061-1Search in Google Scholar

Enders , A., Hungenberg, H., Denker, H-P., & Mauch, S. (2008). The long tail of social networking.Revenue models of social networking sites. European Management Journal, 26(3), 199-211. Doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.02.00210.1016/j.emj.2008.02.002Search in Google Scholar

Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.27210.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272Search in Google Scholar

Fang, X., Singh, S. & Ahluwalia, R. (2007 ). An examination of different explanations for the mere exposure effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 34 (June), 97-103.10.1086/513050Search in Google Scholar

Farris, P. W., Bendle, N. T., Pfeifer, P. E., & Reibstein, D. J. (2010).Marketing Metrics: The definitive guide to measuring marketing performance. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, D. A., & Perse, E. M. (2000). The World Wide Web as a functional alternative to television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 155-174. Doi: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_110.1207/s15506878jobem4402_1Search in Google Scholar

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Search in Google Scholar

Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2001). Internet use in the contemporary media environment. Human Communication Research, 27(1), 153-181. Doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00779.x10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00779.xSearch in Google Scholar

Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286-299. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.28610.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286Search in Google Scholar

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Doi: 10.2307/315131210.2307/3151312Search in Google Scholar

Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16, 91-109.10.17705/1CAIS.01605Search in Google Scholar

Goldstein, D.G., McAfee, R. P., & Suri, S. (2011). The Effects of Exposure Time on Memory of Display Advertisements. . Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, EC’11, 49-58. Retrieved from http://www.dangoldstein.com/papers/goldstein_mcafee_suri_Improving_Time_Based_Advertising_ec2012.pdf10.1145/1993574.1993584Search in Google Scholar

Greenberg, B. S. (1974). Gratifi cations of television viewing and their correlates for British children. In J. G. Blumler, & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications (pp. 71-92). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage publications.Search in Google Scholar

Guay, F., Chanal, J., Ratelle, C. F., Marsh, H. W., Larose, S., & Boivin, M. (2010). Intrinsic, identified, and controlled types of motivation for school subjects in young elementary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), 711-735. Doi: 10.1348/000709910X49908410.1348/000709910X499084Search in Google Scholar

Heeler, R. M., & Ray, M. L. (1972). Measure validation in marketing. Journal of Marketing Research, 9(4), 361-370. Doi: 10.2307/314929710.2307/3149297Search in Google Scholar

Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling technique. Journal of Applied & Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76-83.Search in Google Scholar

Hollenbaugh, E. E., & Ferris, A. L. (2014). Facebook self-disclosure: Examining the role of traits, social cohesion, and motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 50-58. Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.05510.1016/j.chb.2013.07.055Search in Google Scholar

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.Search in Google Scholar

Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. DOI:10.1080/1070551990954011810.1080/10705519909540118Search in Google Scholar

Jere, M. G., & Davis, S. V. (2011). An application of uses and gratifications theory to compare consumer motivations for magazine and Internet usage among South African women’s magazine readers. Southern African Business Review, 15(1), 1-27.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, R. E., Rosen. C. C., Chang. C-H. S., Djurdjevic, E., & Taing, M. U. (2012). Recommendations for improving the construct clarity of higher-order multidimensional constructs. Human Resource Management Review, 22(2), 62-72. Doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.00610.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.006Search in Google Scholar

Joines, J. L., Scherer, C. W., & Scheufele, D. A. (2003). Exploring motivations for consumer Web use and their implications for e-commerce. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 20(2), 90-108. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0736376031046457810.1108/07363760310464578Search in Google Scholar

Joreskog, K. G. & Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International Inc. anfer, R. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette, & L. D. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 75 - 170). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Search in Google Scholar

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. Doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.00310.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003Search in Google Scholar

Katz, E. (1959). Mass communication research and the study of popular culture: An editorial note on a possible future for this journal. Studies in Public Communication, 2, 1- 6.Search in Google Scholar

Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973-1974). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. Doi: 10.1086/26810910.1086/268109Search in Google Scholar

Katz, E., & Foulkes, D. (1962). On the use of the mass media for ‘escape’: Clarification of a concept. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(3), 377-388. Doi: 10.1086/26711110.1086/267111Search in Google Scholar

Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Hass, H. (1973). On the use of mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164-181.10.2307/2094393Search in Google Scholar

Keller, K. L. (2008). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring and managing brand equity. (3rd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Person, Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. M. (2011). Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 365-372. Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.01510.1016/j.chb.2010.08.015Search in Google Scholar

Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P. (2003) Media psychology “is not yet there”: Introducing theories on media entertainment to the presence debate. Presence, 12(4), 346-359. Doi: 10.1162/10547460332239159610.1162/105474603322391596Search in Google Scholar

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kline, P. (1993). The Handbook of Psychological Testing. London: RoutledgeSearch in Google Scholar

Lancaster, G. A., Dodd, S., & Williamson, P. R. (2004). Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 10(2), 307-312.10.1111/j..2002.384.doc.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lee, S. Y. & Cho, Y-S. (2010). Do web users care about banner ads anymore? The effects of frequency and clutter in web advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 16, 288-302.10.1080/10496490903582594Search in Google Scholar

Leung, L. (2007). Stressful life events, motives for internet use, and social support among digital kids. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(2), 204-214. Doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.996710.1089/cpb.2006.9967Search in Google Scholar

Lin, C. A. (1993). Modeling the gratification-seeking process of television viewing. Human Communication Research, 20(2), 224-244.10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00322.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lin, K-Y., & Lu, H-P. (2011). Why people use social network sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1152-1161. Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.12.00910.1016/j.chb.2010.12.009Search in Google Scholar

Lu, C-S., Lai, K-H. & Cheng, T.C.E. (2007). Application of structural equation modeling to evaluate the intention of shippers to use internet services in liner shipping. European Journal of Operational Research, 180(2), 845-867.Doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2006.05.00110.1016/j.ejor.2006.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Lutz, R. J., MacKenzie, S. B., & Belch, G. E. (1983). Attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: Determinants and consequences. In R. P. Bagozzi, & A. M. Tybout (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research, 10 (pp. 532-539). Association for Consumer ResearchSearch in Google Scholar

MacKenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., & Belch, G. E (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of marketing research, 23(2), 130-43. DOI: 10.2307/315166010.2307/3151660Search in Google Scholar

McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64-82. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.6410.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64Search in Google Scholar

Mir, I. A. (2014). Effects of pre-purchase search motivation on user attitudes toward online social network advertising: A case of university students. Journal of Competitiveness, 6(2), 42-55. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2014.02.0410.7441/joc.2014.02.04Search in Google Scholar

Mir, I. A. (2012). Consumer attitudinal insights about social media advertising: A South Asian perspective. The Romanian Economic Journal, 15(45), 265-88.Search in Google Scholar

Mohammed, A. B., & Alkubise, M. (2012). How online advertisements do affect consumer purchasing intention: Empirical evidence from a developing country. European Journal of business and management, 4(7), 208-218. Retrieved from http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/view/1829Search in Google Scholar

Monsuwe, T. P., Dellaert, B. G. C., & de Ruyter, K. (2004). What drives consumers to shop online? A literature review. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 15(1), 102-121. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0956423041052335810.1108/09564230410523358Search in Google Scholar

Muntinga, D. G., Moorman, M., & Smit, E. G. (2011). Introducing COBRAs: Exploring motivations for brand-related social media use. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 13-46. Doi:10.2501/IJA-30-1-013-04610.2501/IJA-30-1-013-046Search in Google Scholar

Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

O’Donohoe, S. (1994). Advertising uses and gratifi cations. European Journal of Marketing, 28(8/9), 52-75. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/0309056941014570610.1108/03090569410145706Search in Google Scholar

Orchard, L.J., Fullwood, C., Galbraith, N., & Morris, N. (2014) Individual differences as predictors of social networking. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 388-402. Doi: 10.1111/jcc4.1206810.1111/jcc4.12068Search in Google Scholar

Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 175-196. Doi: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_210.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2Search in Google Scholar

Pavlou, P. A., & Stewart, D. W. (2000). Measuring the effects and effectiveness of interactive advertising: A research agenda. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1(1), 62-78.10.1080/15252019.2000.10722044Search in Google Scholar

Pelling, E., & White, K. M. (2009). The theory of planned behaviour applied to young people’s use of social networking websites. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 755-59. Doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.010910.1089/cpb.2009.0109Search in Google Scholar

Pollay, R.W., & Mittal, B. (1993). Here’s the beef: Factors, determinants, and segments in consumer criticism of advertising. Journal of Marketing, 57(3), 99-114.10.1177/002224299305700307Search in Google Scholar

Quan-Haase, A., & Young, A. L. (2010). Uses and gratifications of social media: A comparison of Facebook and instant messaging. Bulletin of Science Technology & Society, 30(5), 350-361. Doi: 10.1177/027046761038000910.1177/0270467610380009Search in Google Scholar

Rae, N., & Brennan, M. (1998). The relative effectiveness of sound and animation in web banner advertisements. Marketing Bulletin, 9, 76-82.Search in Google Scholar

Reinecke, L., Vorderer, P., and Knop, K. (2014). Entertainment 2.0? The role of intrinsic and extrinsic need satisfaction for the enjoyment of Facebook Use. Journal of Communication, 64(3), 417-438. Doi: 10.1111/jcom.1209910.1111/jcom.12099Search in Google Scholar

Rodgers, S. (2002). The interactive advertising model tested: The role of internet motives in ad processing. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 2(2), 22-33.10.1080/15252019.2002.10722059Search in Google Scholar

Rodgers, S., & Thorson, E. (2000). The interactive advertising model: How users perceive and process online ads. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1(1), 42-61.10.1080/15252019.2000.10722043Search in Google Scholar

Rosengren, K. E., Wenner, L. A., & Palmgreen, P. (Eds.) (1985). Media gratifications research: Current perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Rossiter, J. R., & Percy, L. (1997). Advertising Communications and Promotion Management. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Search in Google Scholar

Rubin, A. M. (1983). Television uses and gratifications: The interactions of viewing patterns and motivations. Journal of Broadcasting, 27(1), 37-51. Doi: 10.1080/0883815830938647110.1080/08838158309386471Search in Google Scholar

Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 3-37. Doi: 10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_0210.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02Search in Google Scholar

Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.102010.1006/ceps.1999.1020Search in Google Scholar

Santos, J. R. A. (1999). Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales. Journal of Extension, 37(2). http://www.joe.org/joe/1999april/tt3.php. Accessed 6/6/2013.Search in Google Scholar

Schmitt, J. (2015). Motivation. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. 9(1). Doi: 10.1002/9781118785317.weom090173.10.1002/9781118785317.weom090173Search in Google Scholar

Severin, W. J., & Tankard, J. W. (1997). Communication theories: Origins, methods, and uses in the mass media (4th ed.). New York: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, R., & Verma, R. (2015). Social networkers’ motivation to use online social networking sites:Implications for leveraging digital marketing. International Journal of Applied Business & Economic Research, 13(3), 1159-1171.Search in Google Scholar

Sherry, J. L. ( 2004). Flow and Media Enjoyment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 328-347.10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00318.xSearch in Google Scholar

Shojaee, M.R., Totonkavan, S., & Sanjani, N. M. (2014). Investigating the types of e-advertising strategy and its influence on consumer buying behaviour. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(7), 262-266.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, G. T. (2005). On construct validity: Issues of method and measurement. Psychological Assessment. 17(4), 396-408. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.39610.1037/1040-3590.17.4.396Search in Google Scholar

Stafford, T. F. (2007). Motivations for internet use. Idea Group Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Construct validation of a triangular love scale. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(3), 313-335. Doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199705)27:3<313::AID-EJSP824>3.0.CO;2-410.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199705)27:3<313::AID-EJSP824>3.0.CO;2-4Search in Google Scholar

Straub, D. W. (1989). Validating instruments in MIS Research. MIS Quarterly 13(2), 147-169.10.2307/248922Search in Google Scholar

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. Doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfdSearch in Google Scholar

Taylor, D. G., Lewin, J. E., & Strutton, D. (2011). Friends, fans, and followers: Do ads work on social networks? How gender and age shape receptivity. Journal of Advertising Research, 51(1), 258-275. Doi: 10.2501/JAR-51-1-258-27510.2501/JAR-51-1-258-275Search in Google Scholar

Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2014). How to measure motivation: A guide for the experimental social psychologist. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(7), 328-341. Doi: 10.1111/spc3.1211010.1111/spc3.12110Search in Google Scholar

Trusov, M., Bodapati, A. V., & Bucklin, R. E. (2010). Determining influential users in internet social networks. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), 643-658. Doi: 10.2139/ssrn.147968910.2139/ssrn.1479689Search in Google Scholar

Turel O, Serenko, A., & Bontis, N. (2010). User acceptance of hedonic digital artifacts: A theory of consumption values perspective. Information & Management, 47(1), 53-59. Doi:10.1016/j. im.2009.10.002Search in Google Scholar

Tuten, L.T. (2008). Advertising 2.0: Social media marketing in a web 2.0 world. Westport: Praeger Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875-901. Doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.xSearch in Google Scholar

Vasalou, A., Joinson, A. N. & Courvoisier, D. (2010). Cultural differences, experience with social networks and the nature of ‘‘true commitment’’ in Facebook. International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, 68, 719-728. 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.06.002Search in Google Scholar

Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., & Ritterfeld, U. (2004) Enjoyment: At the heart of media entertainment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 388-408.10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00321.xSearch in Google Scholar

Wang, J-L., Jackson, L. A., Wang , H-Z., & Gaskin, J. (2015). Predicting social networking site (SNS) use: Personality, attitudes, motivation and Internet self -efficacy. Personality & Individual Differences, 80, 119-124. Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.01610.1016/j.paid.2015.02.016Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y., & Sun, S. (2010). Assessing beliefs, attitudes and behavioral responses toward online advertising in three countries. International Business Review, 19(4), 333-344. Doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.01.00410.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.01.004Search in Google Scholar

Widaman, K. F., & Thompson, J. S. (2003). On specifying the null model for incremental fit indices in structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods, 8(1), 16-37.10.1037/1082-989X.8.1.16Search in Google Scholar

Wijesundara, T. R. (2014). Motivations and usage patterns of social networking sites: Exploring cultural differences between United States and Sri Lanka. Canadian Social Science, 10(6), 176-185.Search in Google Scholar

Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838.10.1177/0011000006288127Search in Google Scholar

Xu, C., Ryan, S., Prybutok, V., & Wen, C. (2012). It is not for fun: An examination of social network site usage. Information & Management, 49(5), 210-217. Doi:10.1016/j.im.2012.05.00110.1016/j.im.2012.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row. Search in Google Scholar

Yoo, C. Y. (2008). Unconscious processing of web advertising: Effects on implicit memory, attitude toward the brand, and consideration Set. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 22(2), 2-18.10.1002/dir.20110Search in Google Scholar

Zaichowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341-352. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/20852010.1086/208520Search in Google Scholar

Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Samah, B. A., Omar , S. Z., Bolong, J., & Kamarudin, N. A. (2014). Addictive facebook use among university students. Asian Social Science, 10(6), 107-116. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n6p107Search in Google Scholar