Key factors determining indoor air PM10 concentrations in naturally ventilated primary schools in Belgrade, Serbia
, , , and | Oct 09, 2017
About this article
Article Category: Original scientific article
Published Online: Oct 09, 2017
Page range: 227 - 235
Received: May 31, 2016
Accepted: Jul 27, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2017-0031
Keywords
© 2017 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Figure 1
Child occupancy rate per school distribution (m2/per child) vs. PM10 values (μg/m3), by schools.
| School No. | School name | <2 m2/child | >2 m2/child | IAQ PM10 mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | „A.Mlosavljevic“ | 778 | 22.2 | 109.16 |
| 2 | „K.Abrasevic” | / | 100 | 162.12 |
| 3 | „N.TesIa” | / | 100 | 99.70 |
| 4 | „I.G.Kovacic” | 16.4 | 83.6 | 44.72 |
| 5 | „Skadarlja” | 38.6 | 61.4 | 58.24 |
| „? | „S.Sremac” | / | 100 | 62.47 |
| 7 | „D.PavIovic” | / | 100 | 65.68 |
| 8 | „P.P.Njegos” | 47.4 | 52.6 | 103.87 |
| 9 | „R.Lakic” | / | 100 | 52.31 |
| „0 | „I.Gundulc” | / | 100 | 50.40 |
Outdoor PM10 (μg/m3) concentration by schools.
| School Groups | School | PM10 (μg/m3) | OAQ | Ci 95% | Median | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Suburban | „A.Milosavljevic“ | 105.84 | 26.945 | 100.46 | 111.21 | 106.00 | 78.00 |
| „ | 137.797 | 287.47 | 354.18 | 309.00 | 380.00 | ||
| „S. Sremac“ | 68.27 | 36.277 | 60.04 | 76.51 | 41.00 | 85.00 | |
| Broad urban area | „Nikola Tesla“ | 134.00 | 55.399 | 121.43 | 146.57 | 141.00 | 135.00 |
| „I. G. Kovacic“ | 80.33 | 35.626 | 71.20 | 89.45 | 75.00 | 84.00 | |
| „ | 9.648 | 36.21 | 40.45 | 42.00 | 26.00 | ||
| Downtown | „Skadarlija“ | 83.64 | 30.003 | 76.88 | 90.41 | 96.00 | 87.00 |
| „D. Pavlovic“ | 69.85 | 31.935 | 61.05 | 78.65 | 52.00 | 83.00 | |
| „P.P. Njegos“ | 98.00 | 13.862 | 94.83 | 101.17 | 101.00 | 46.00 | |
| „R. Lakic“ | 51.17 | 3.444 | 50.31 | 52.03 | 51.00 | 9.00 | |
Interval distribution IAQ PM10 Concentration >50 or ≤49.9 μg/m3 by schools
| PM10 ranges | School 1 | School 2 | School 3 | School 4 | School 5 | School 6 | School 7 | School 8 | School 9 | School 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤49.9 μg/m3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 67.2 | 39.7 | 23.4 | 32.1 | 0.0 | 57.8 | 37.8 |
| >50 pg/m3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 32.8 | 60.3 | 76.6 | 67% | 42.2 | 62.2 |
IAQ PM10 (μg/m3) concentration by schools.
| School Groups | School | PM10 (μg/m3) | IAQ | Ci 95% | Median | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Suburban | „A.Milosavljevic“ | 109.16 | 18.440 | 105.48 | 112.84 | 105.00 | 46.00 |
| „ | 41.926 | 151.97 | 172.27 | 183.00 | 106.00 | ||
| „S. Sremac“ | 62.47 | 23.592 | 57.11 | 67.82 | 52.00 | 63.00 | |
| Broad urban area | „Nikola Tesla“ | 99.70 | 45.620 | 89.35 | 110.06 | 72.00 | 107.00 |
| „ | 12.479 | 41.53 | 47.92 | 38.00 | 30.00 | ||
| „I. Gundulic“ | 50.40 | 6.224 | 49.03 | 51.77 | 53.00 | 16.00 | |
| Downtown | „Skadarlija“ | 58.24 | 18.276 | 54.12 | 62.36 | 70.00 | 46.00 |
| „D. Pavlovic“ | 65.68 | 26.899 | 58.26 | 73.09 | 51.00 | 63.00 | |
| „P.P. Njegos“ | 103.87 | 8.523 | 101.92 | 105.82 | 110.00 | 18.00 | |
| „R. Lakic“ | 52.31 | 11.222 | 49.51 | 55.12 | 44.00 | 26.00 | |
IAQ and OAQ PM10 concentration related to school’s geographic positions (μg/m3).
| Type of schools by location | No. of exposed children | Mean | SD | 95% Cor Mean | Median/Range | Min | Max | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lower | upper | ||||||||
| PM10 IAQ | Suburb schools | 244 | 109.18 | 47.66 | 103.17 | 115.19 | 96/164 | 33 | 197 |
| Schools in broader urban area | 220 | 66.08 | 37.36 | 61.12 | 71.05 | 53/126 | 32 | 158 | |
| Downtown | 271 | 71.09 | 26.90 | 67.88 | 74.31 | 70/79 | 32 | 111 | |
| Total | 735 | 82.24 | 42.43 | 79.17 | 85.31 | 70/165 | 32 | 197 | |
| PM10 QAQ | Suburb schools | 244 | 153.90 | 130.39 | 137.46 | 170.34 | 116/515 | 34 | 549 |
| Schools in broader urban area | 220 | 83.46 | 55.77 | 76.05 | 90.87 | 55/168 | 22 | 190 | |
| Downtown | 271 | 77.30 | 28.53 | 73.89 | 80.72 | 80/89 | 30 | 119 | |
| Total | 735 | 104.57 | 89.85 | 98.07 | 111.08 | 82/527 | 22 | 549 | |
Correlations between IAQ and OAQ by school (signif.)
| School | PM10 outdoor median (μg/m3) | PM10 indoor median (μg/m3) | R | P | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| „A.Mlosavljevic“ | 106.00 | 105.00 | 0.799 | 0.000 | 99 |
| „K.Abrasevic” | 309.00 | 183.00 | 0.756 | 0.000 | 68 |
| „N.TesIa” | 141.00 | 72.00 | 0.457 | 0.000 | 77 |
| „I.G.Kovacic” | 75.00 | 38.00 | 0.956 | 0.000 | 61 |
| „Skadarlja” | 96.00 | 70.00 | 0.598 | 0.000 | 78 |
| „S.Sremac” | 41.00 | 52.00 | 0.744 | 0.000 | 77 |
| „D.PavIovic” | 52.00 | 51.00 | 0.937 | 0.000 | 53 |
| „P.P.Njegos” | 101.00 | 110.00 | 0.725 | 0.000 | 76 |
| „R.Lakic” | 51.00 | 44.00 | 0.160 | 0.207 | 65 |
| „I.Gundulc” | 42.00 | 53.00 | 0.453 | 0.000 | 82 |
Characteristics of sampling sites
| School name | School code | Spatial characteristics of the surroundings | GIS coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|
| “Aca Milosavljevic” | 1 | Suburb Rušanj village, in the valley downhill the regional highway; | 44°41’01,10” N 20°26’20,86” E |
| “Kosta Abrašević” | 2 | Suburb Resnik, residential area, trees in between the street and school | 44°52’20,13” N 20°27’18,7” E |
| “Nikola Tesla” | 3 | Rakovica, suburban municipality, ex-industrial zone, ordinary urban traffic mode | 44°42’33,95” N 20°27’06,52” E |
| “I. G. Kovačić” | 4 | Broad city centre, isolated from dense traffic, residential area; | 44°49’18,19” N 20°24’15,75” E |
| “Skadarlija” | 5 | Downtown, high density traffic, backyard towards pedestrian zone, bus stop in front | 44°44’30,27” N 20°25’44,89” E |
| “Stevan Sremac” | 6 | Borča III, urbanized suburb, with no heavy traffic | 44°48’17,27” N 20°29’01,08” E |
| “Drinka Pavlović” | 7 | Downtown, close to two busy streets, 1 tunnel | 44°48’16,20” N 20°27’43,91” E |
| “Petar Petrović Njegoš” | 8 | Downtown, high traffic density | 44°48’21,72” N 20°27’21,81” E |
| “Radojka Lakić” | 9 | Squeezed between two streets with high density traffic (lots of heavy traffic), downtown, next to the Central Rail Station | 44°49’06,12” N 20°27’49,41” E |
| “Ivan Gundulić” | 10 | New Belgrade, broader urban zone, frequent traffic | 44°48’48,32” N 20°27’54,66” E |