The influence of parental education and other socio-economic factors on child car seat use

Family characteristics	N	(%)
Mother’s age (years)	847
Less than 29		19.8
30-34		43.0
35 and more		37.2
Father’s age (years)	841
Less than 29		9.0
30-34		34.2
35-39		36.3
40 and more		20.5
Mother’s education	849
Vocational or less		15.5
Secondary		27.1
College		27.1
University		30.3
Father’s education	842
Vocational or less		29.0
Secondary		30.8
College		18.5
University		21.7
Child sequence	848
First child		49.1
Second and following child		50.9
Number of children	848
One child		27.8
Two or more		72.2
Gender of the child	850
Male		51.4
Female		48.6
Family type	848
Both parents		75.0
Parents and relatives		22.1
Single-parent family		2.9
Material welfare of the family	844
Poor		8.9
Medium		81.6
Good		9.5
Type of residence community	842
Urban		38.7
Suburban		17.7
Rural		43.6
SE status of area of residence	850
Poor		25.8
Medium		17.9
Good		56.3

Estimates of the prevalence of the non-use of a child car seat (Ntot=851), and results of invariable analysis of the association between the non-use of a child car seat and family factors.

	N_oat	Not using a child car seat (%)	Univariable analysis
	N_oat	Not using a child car seat (%)	OR (95% C.I.)	P-value
Socio-economic factors
Mother’s education
University	257	7.0	1.00
College	230	18.7	3.05 (1.71-5.47)	p=0.000
Secondary	230	13.9	2.15 (1.17-3.94)	p=0.014
Vocational or less	132	23.5	4.08 (2.18-7.62)	p=0.000
Father’s education
University	183	8.2	1.00
College	156	12.2	1.55 (0.76-3.17)	p=0.226
Secondary	259	16.2	2.17 (1.16-4.04)	p=0.015
Vocational or less	244	18.9	2.60 (1.40-4.83)	p=0.002
Material welfare of the family
Good	80	11.3	1.00
Medium	689	14.7	1.36 (0.66-2.80)	p=0.411
Poor	75	17.3	1.65 (0.66-4.13)	p=0.281
Family type
Both parents	636	14.2	1.00
Parents and relatives	187	15.0	1.07 (0.68-1.69)	p=0.778
Single-parent family	25	24.0	1.92 (0.75-4.93)	p=0.177
SE status of area of resid.
Good	479	10.9	1.00
Medium	152	22.4	2.37 (1.47-3.82)	p=0.000
Poor	219	17.4	1.72 (1.10-2.71)	p=0.018
Type of residence community
Urban	326	13.5	1.00
Suburban	149	12.1	0.88 (0.49-1.58)	p=0.671
Rural	367	16.3	1.25 (0.82-1.91)	p=0.295
Demographic factors
Mother’s age
35 years and more	315	12.1	1.00
30-34 years	364	14.0	1.19 (0.76-1.86)	p=0.454
do 29 years	168	20.2	1.85 (1.11-3.07)	p=0.017
Father’s age
40 years and more	172	15.7	1.00
35-39 years	305	9.5	0.56 (0.32-0.99)	p=0.046
30-34 years	288	18.4	1.21 (0.73-2.01)	p=0.459
do 29 years	76	17.1	1.11 (0.54-2.29)	p=0.781
Child sequence
First child	416	11.8	1.00
Second or latter	432	17.4	1.57 (1.07-2.32)	p=0.022
Number of children
One child	236	14.1	1.00
Two or more	612	14.7	1.02(0.67-1.57)	p=0.912
Gender of the child
Female	14.3	413	1.00
Male	437	14.9	1.05 (0.72-1.54)	p=0.808
Knowledge
Good	369	12.5	1.00
Poor	482	16.2	1.36 (0.92-2.01)	p=0.129
Information source
Books, med. staff	371	12.9	1.00
Internet, magazines, TV	272	17.6	1.43 (0.93-2.21)	p=0.102
None, friends, relatives	202	13.4	1.03 (0.62-1.71)	p=0.900
Motivational factors and social norms
Child vulnerability
High	607	14.2	1.00
Low	236	15.3	1.09 (0.72-1.66)	p=0.687
Injury severity
Severe	669	11.2	1.00
Not severe	161	27.3	2.98 (1.95-4.54)	p=0.000
Safety measure efficacy
Very effective	731	11.9	1.00
Not very effective	114	30.7	3.28 (2.08-5.18)	p=0.000
Self-efficacy
Very self-effective	282	7.8	1.00
Not very selfeffective	565	17.9	2.57 (1.58-4.18)	p=0.000
Social norms
Very important	637	11.6	1.00
Not very important	203	23.2	2.29 (1.53-3.44)	p=0.000

Logistic regression models with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% C.I.) of the non-use of a child car seat according to socio-economic and other characteristics of a family.

Not using a child car seat
	Model 1 OR (95% C.I.)	Model 2 OR (95% C.I.)	Model 3 OR (95% C.I.)
Socio-economic factors
Mother’s education
University	1.00	1.00	1.00
College	3.15 (1.62-6.09)*** Statistically significant at p≤0.001	2.84 (1.43-5.65)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;	2.77 (1.31-5.83)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;
Secondary	1.89 (0.94-3.78)	1.56 (0.76-3.21)	1.40 (0.64-3.06)
Vocational or less	3.63 (1.71-7.69)*** Statistically significant at p≤0.001	3.34 (1.53-7.32)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;	3.91 (1.67-9.13)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;
Father’s education
University	1.00	1.00	1.00
College	0.86 (0.39-1.90)	0.82 (0.36-1.86)	0.73 (0.30-1.79)
Secondary	1.31 (0.65-2.64)	1.28 (0.61-2.65)	1.32 (0.60-2.89)
Vocational or less	1.19 (0.57-2.50)	1.02 (0.47-2.22)	1.01 (0.44-2.29)
Material welfare of the family
Good	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium	0.89 (0.41-1.90)	0.84 (0.39-1.84)	0.64 (0.28-1.46)
Poor	0.84 (0.31-2.26)	0.80 (0.28-2.26)	0.51 (0.17-1.57)
Family type
Both parents	1.00	1.00	1.00
Parents and relatives	0.85 (0.52-1.40)	0.83 (0.50-1.40)	0.84 (0.48-1.49)
Single-parent family	2.12 (0.78-5.77)	2.59 (0.89-7.51)	3.38 (1.09-10.52)* Statistically significant at p<0.05;
SE status of area of resid.
Good	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium	2.04 (1.22-3.39)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;	2.01 (1.18-3.41)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;	2.32 (1.30-4.15)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;
Poor	1.44 (0,89-2.33)	1.54 (0.93-2.55)	1.87 (1.07-3.23)* Statistically significant at p<0.05;
Type of residence community
Urban	1.00	1.00	1.00
Suburban	0.72 (0.39-1.34)	0.71 (0.37-1.35)	0.64 (0.32-1.29)
Rural	0.99 (0.62-1.57)	0.88 (0.55-1.43)	0.87 (0.52-1.47)
Demographic factors
Mother’s age
35 years and more		1.00	1.00
30-34 years		1.22 (0.70-2.14)	1.05 (0.57-1.93)
do 29 years		1.87 (0.89-3.93)	1.66 (0.74-3.74)
Father’s age
40 years and more		1.00	1.00
35-39 years		0.53 (0.29-0.99)* Statistically significant at p<0.05;	0.62 (0.31-1.22)
30-34 years		1.11 (0.57-2.15)	1.51 (0.73-3.12)
do 29 years		0.85 (0.33-2.20)	0.85 (0.30-2.42)
Child sequence
First child		1.00	1.00
Second or latter		3.45 (1.76-6.77)*** Statistically significant at p≤0.001	3.53 (1.73-7.23)*** Statistically significant at p≤0.001
Number of children
One child		1.00	1,00
Two or more		0.58 (0.29-1.17)	0.58 (0.27-1.23)
Gender of the child
Female		1,00	1,00
Male		0.98 (0.64-1.49)	0.97 (0.61-1.54)
Knowledge
Good		1.00	1.00
Poor		1.24 (0.81-1.92)	1.10 (0.68-1.77)
Information source
Books, med. staff		1.00	1.00
Internet, magazines, TV		1.24 (0.76-2.01)	1.21 (0.71-2.04)
None, friends, relatives		0.80 (0.46-1.40)	0.81 (0.44-1.49)
Motivational factors and social norms
Child vulnerability
High			1.00
Low			0.72 (0.42-1.24)
Injury severity
Severe			1.00
Not severe			2.35 (1.35-4.10)* Statistically significant at p<0.05;
Safety measure efficacy
Very effective			1.00
Not very effective			2.59 (1.41-4.76)** Statistically significant at p≤0.01;
Self-efficacy
Very self-effective			1,00
Not very self-effective			1.69 (0.98-2.93)
Social norms
Very important			1.00
Not very important			1.72 (1.03-2.87)* Statistically significant at p<0.05;
Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test	p=0.989	p=0.572	p=0.923
Likelihood ratio test	p=0.000	p=0.006 (Model 2 : Model 1)	p=0.000 (Model 3 : Model 2)

eISSN:: 1854-2476
Language:: English

Publication timeframe:: 4 times per year
Journal Subjects:: Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Hygiene and Environmental Medicine

Journal RSS Feed

The influence of parental education and other socio-economic factors on child car seat use

Article Category: Original scientific article

Published Online: Nov 06, 2016

Page range: 55 - 64

Received: Dec 08, 2015

Accepted: Jul 07, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2017-0008

Keywordschild restraint systems, educational status, socioeconomic factors, preschool children

© 2016 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Socio-demographic characteristics of participant families.

Estimates of the prevalence of the non-use of a child car seat (Ntot=851), and results of invariable analysis of the association between the non-use of a child car seat and family factors.

Logistic regression models with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% C.I.) of the non-use of a child car seat according to socio-economic and other characteristics of a family.

Keywords
child restraint systems, educational status, socioeconomic factors, preschool children