<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p> The kidney, which is an integral part of the drug excretion system, was reported as one of the targets of cadmium toxicity. Early events of cadmium toxicity in the cell include a decrease in cell membrane fluidity, breakdown of its integrity, and impairment of its repair mechanisms. Phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E have a marked fluidizing effect on cellular membranes. We hypothesized that Livolin forte (LIV) could attenuate kidney damage induced by cadmium in rats. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of five rats each: group I (control group) received 0.3 ml/kg/day of propylene glycol for six weeks; group II was given 5 mg/kg/day of cadmium (Cd) i.p for 5 consecutive days; group III rats were treated in a similar way as group II but were allowed a recovery period of 4 weeks; group IV was treated with LIV (5.2 mg/kg/day) for a period of 4 weeks after inducing renal injury with Cd similarly to group II; and group V was allowed a recovery period of 2 weeks after a 4-week LIV treatment (5.2 mg/kg/day) following Cd administration. A significant increase in plasma creatinine, urea, uric acid, and TBARS were observed in groups II and III compared to the control rats. Significant reductions in total protein, glucose, and GSH activity were also recorded. The urine concentrations of creatinine, urea, and uric acid in groups II and III were significantly lower than the control group. Th is finding was accompanied by a significant decrease in creatinine and urea clearance. Post-treatment with LIV caused significant decreases in plasma creatinine, urea, uric acid, and TBARS. Significant increases in total protein, glucose, and GSH activity of groups IV and V were observed compared to group II. A significant increase in urine concentrations of creatinine, urea, and uric acid and significant decreases in total protein, glucose, and GSH activity were observed in groups IV and V compared to group II. Photomicrographs of the rat kidneys in groups IV and V showed an improvement in the histology of their renal tissue when compared to group II, with features similar to the control rats. Additionally, group III showed an improvement in the histoarchitecture of the kidney compared with group II, although occasional atrophy of some glomeruli and shrinking of renal corpuscles was observed.</p><p>In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that LIV administration ameliorated Cd-induced kidney injury in rats. Thus, LIV represents a prospective therapeutic choice to prevent kidney injury inflicted by Cd exposure. </p></abstract>

The kidney, which is an integral part of the drug excretion system, was reported as one of the targets of cadmium toxicity. Early events of cadmium toxicity in the cell include a decrease in cell membrane fluidity, breakdown of its integrity, and impairment of its repair mechanisms. Phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E have a marked fluidizing effect on cellular membranes. We hypothesized that Livolin forte (LIV) could attenuate kidney damage induced by cadmium in rats. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of five rats each: group I (control group) received 0.3 ml/kg/day of propylene glycol for six weeks; group II was given 5 mg/kg/day of cadmium (Cd) i.p for 5 consecutive days; group III rats were treated in a similar way as group II but were allowed a recovery period of 4 weeks; group IV was treated with LIV (5.2 mg/kg/day) for a period of 4 weeks after inducing renal injury with Cd similarly to group II; and group V was allowed a recovery period of 2 weeks after a 4-week LIV treatment (5.2 mg/kg/day) following Cd administration. A significant increase in plasma creatinine, urea, uric acid, and TBARS were observed in groups II and III compared to the control rats. Significant reductions in total protein, glucose, and GSH activity were also recorded. The urine concentrations of creatinine, urea, and uric acid in groups II and III were significantly lower than the control group. Th is finding was accompanied by a significant decrease in creatinine and urea clearance. Post-treatment with LIV caused significant decreases in plasma creatinine, urea, uric acid, and TBARS. Significant increases in total protein, glucose, and GSH activity of groups IV and V were observed compared to group II. A significant increase in urine concentrations of creatinine, urea, and uric acid and significant decreases in total protein, glucose, and GSH activity were observed in groups IV and V compared to group II. Photomicrographs of the rat kidneys in groups IV and V showed an improvement in the histology of their renal tissue when compared to group II, with features similar to the control rats. Additionally, group III showed an improvement in the histoarchitecture of the kidney compared with group II, although occasional atrophy of some glomeruli and shrinking of renal corpuscles was observed.In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that LIV administration ameliorated Cd-induced kidney injury in rats. Thus, LIV represents a prospective therapeutic choice to prevent kidney injury inflicted by Cd exposure.

Livolin Forte Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Department of Physiological Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti

Experimental and Applied Biomedical Research (EABR)

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

{"article-title":"Livolin Forte Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats"}

The kidney, which is an integral part of the drug excretion system, was reported as one of the targets of cadmium toxicity. Early events of cadmium toxicity in...

Livolin Forte Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

Published Online: Jun 10, 2016

Page range: 107 - 116

Received: Dec 04, 2015

Accepted: Feb 23, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0033

Keywords
Cadmium, Livolin forte, Phosphatidylcholine, Vitamin E, Rat

© 2016

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Livolin Forte Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury in Wistar Rats

Published Online: Jun 10, 2016

Page range: 107 - 116

Received: Dec 04, 2015

Accepted: Feb 23, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0033

KeywordsCadmium, Livolin forte, Phosphatidylcholine, Vitamin E, Rat

© 2016

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Keywords
Cadmium, Livolin forte, Phosphatidylcholine, Vitamin E, Rat