Preoperative intensity-modulated chemoradiation therapy with simultaneous integrated boost in rectal cancer: 2-year follow-up results of phase II study
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Feb 08, 2018
Page range: 23 - 29
Received: Sep 08, 2017
Accepted: Sep 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/raon-2018-0007
© 2018 Jasna But-Hadzic, Vaneja Velenik
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
With standard preoperative treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), we can achieve excellent local control; but long term survival is still poor due to a high rate of distant metastases.1,2 To target distant microscopic disease, an additional drug has been added to the preoperative treatment in several studies, but with conflicting results of treatment outcome and high acute toxicity.3,4,5
Since dosimetric studies on preoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) showed a better sparing of organs at risk compared with standard 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) in rectal cancer6,7,8,9, this novel radiation technique has been used in several prospective phase II studies with the aim of improving the treatment outcome in LARC. The treatment intensification consisted of a dose escalation with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB), with or without the use of an additional drug alongside standard concomitant capecitabine.10,11,12,13,14,15 Researchers report an encouraging rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) and local control (LC), but with substantial acute toxicity with oxaliplatin addition12 and non-negligible late toxicity with dose escalation.11
Because of a promising impact on clinical outcome, but, conflicting toxicity results with dose escalation in preoperative treatment of LARC, we conducted a phase II trial, testing the experimental fractionation with the use of IMRT-SIB in order to shorten the overall treatment time with a biologically effective dose (BED) similar to the one used in standard 3D CRT. In recently published early results from our trial, we demonstrated that preoperative radiochemotherapy with IMRT-SIB without dose escalation, concomitantly with capecitabine, can achieve a high rate of pCR, a downstaging with a very low acute toxicity profile, and excellent compliance.16 After the 2-year follow-up, we analysed the impact of experimental fractionation on LC, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS).
The trial design, eligibility criteria, and treatment details have been published previously in detail.16 In brief, patients had to present with histologically confirmed, operable adenocarcinoma, located within 15 cm from the anal verge. Patients with locally advanced, non-metastatic disease (cT ≥ 3 and/ or cN ≥ 1 on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and M0 on CT thorax/abdomen) without contraindications for chemotherapy were included.
Prior to treatment, all patients received detailed oral and written information, and signed an informed consent form. The trial was approved by the National Medical Ethics Committee of the Republic of Slovenia (No. 41/12/13) and was in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT02268006).
The target volumes and dose prescription were defined according to ICRU Reports 50, 6217, and 83.18 The gross tumour volume (GTV) encompassed all visible primary tumours. GTV + 1 cm represented a boost volume (CTV2), and the clinical target volume 1 (CTV1) contained CTV2, mesorectum, and regional lymph nodes from L5/S1 to 4 cm below the tumour or
PTV 1 received 41.8 Gy in 22 fractions and SIB was prescribed to tumour (PTV 2) concomitantly to doses of 46.2 Gy and 48.4 Gy to T ≤ 3 and T4 tumours in 22 fractions, respectively, 5 times per week (Monday to Friday) (Table 1). The main constraints for organs at risk were: V45Gy < 195 cc and Dmax ≤ 50 Gy; anal canal V40Gy ≤ 40% and Dmax ≤ 55 Gy; iliac crests V30Gy < 50 %, V40Gy < 35%; bladder V30Gy < 50% and V35Gy < 35%; and penile bulb D90% < 50 Gy 16 (Figure 1).
Biologic effective dose (BED) comparison for standard 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) and intensity modulated radioation therapy with simultaneous boost (IMRT-SIB) as experimental fractionation BED is calculated as BED = TD x (d + α/β) / (2 + α/β) - (T - t) x Dprolif in which TD is the total dose, d dose (Gy) per fraction, α/β is the common linear-quadratic quotient (set to 10 Gy), Dprolif is the dose recovered due to proliferation (set to 0.6 Gy/day), T = total treatment time and t = initial delay time (days, set to 7 days)data from 36 prospective studies, 7 retrospective studies and 17 other articles were used. A total of 131 scientific articles are included, involving 25 351 patients. The results were compared with those of a similar overview from 1996 including 15 042 patients. The conclusions reached can be summarized thus: The results after rectal cancer surgery have improved during the past decade. It is likely that local failure rates after 5 years of follow-up at hospitals adopting the TME-concept (TME = total mesorectal excision.20 Standard fractionation for preoperative rectal cancer treatment with 3D CRT consists of 45 Gy in 25 fractions to the tumour and regional lymph nodes (pelvis) and additional boost 3 x 1.8 Gy (TD 50.4 Gy) in T ≤3 and 5 x 1.8 Gy (TD 54 Gy) in T4 tumour.Treatment Pelvis TD/d/BED (Gy) Tumour T≤3 TD/d/BED (Gy) Tumour T4 TD/d/BED (Gy) 3D CRT 45 / 1.8 / 50.4 / 1.8 / 54 / 1.8 / IMRT-SIB 41.8 / 1.9 / 46.2 / 2.1 / 48.4 / 2.2 /
Intensity modulated radiation therapy plan met the planning goalsFigure 1
The treatment was delivered on Clinac 2100 CDI (Varian, Palo Alto, USA) using the dynamic multileaf collimator technique with 6MV photons and a daily position verification (ExacTrac X-ray 6D system, BrainLAB AG, Feldkirchen, Germany).
Patients received concomitant chemotherapy with capecitabine from the first to last day of the radiation treatment (including weekends) at a daily dose of 825 mg/m2/12 h. One dose was taken 1 hour prior to irradiation. The treatment compliance and acute toxicity were evaluated weekly according to the common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) v.4.0.21
Surgery was scheduled 6–8 weeks after the completion of chemoradiotherapy, pathologic stage recorded according to the AJCC 7th edition22, and tumour regression grade according to the criteria by Dworak
Six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine were offered to patients with residual tumour on pathologic examination. After treatment, the follow-up consisted of clinical and serum CEA evaluation every 3 months for two years, and later on a bi-annual basis with abdominal ultrasound every 6 months and a chest radiograph annually.
This was a prospective phase II study on patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, designed to evaluate the pathologic complete response after experimental preoperative treatment as a primary endpoint. The key secondary endpoints were to evaluate the acute toxicity of preoperative treatment, tumour response, LC, DFS, and OS. Late toxicity and the quality of life will be analysed after a 5-year follow-up.
All time intervals were calculated from the date of operation or date of chemoradiotherapy completion (for non-operated patients). The end dates for time calculations were the dates of the last followup or death for OS, and for DFS the dates of detected local/distant relapse, last follow-up, or death. In the patient with primary lung metastasis and in non-operated patients, we counted the DFS time as 0 months.
A statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were used for presenting general data. Patients surgically treated after chemoradiotherapy completion (N = 47) entered treatment response analysis. Fisher’s exact test was used for tumour regression grade prognostic group comparison. The survival curves were calculated with the Kaplan-Maier method and the influence of the possible prognostic factors on survival was verified by means of the log-rank test.
Between January 2014 and November 2015, a total of 51 patients were treated (Figure 2). Patients and tumour characteristics were described in detail elsewhere16, but, briefly – the median age of the group was 66 years (range, 30–81 years) and two thirds were men. Nearly half of the tumours were located in the lower third of the rectum and 20 patients had positive mesorectal fascia (MRF+). According to AJCC 7th edition22, the clinical stages of the disease were as follows: T2N1M0 (n = 1), T3N0M0 (n = 6), T3N1M0 (n = 15), T3N2M0 (n = 22), T4N1M0 (n = 4), T4N2M0 (n = 2), and T3N1M1 (n = 1). One patient had a small lung lesion prior to treatment, but control CT following the treatment revealed a primary metastatic disease with lung metastasis in his case.
Distribution of patients through the trial. CRT = radiochemotherapy; RT = radiotherapyFigure 2
Preoperative radiochemotherapy according to protocol was completed by 50 patients in a median of 31 days (range 29–36 days), and one received preoperative short-course radiotherapy (25 Gy in 5 fractions) due to ischemic stroke in the first week of experimental treatment. The acute toxicity of preoperative treatment was mild, with only two G3 acute adverse events with infectious enterocolitis and radiodermatitis.
Surgery was performed in 48 patients and operation was omitted in three due to the patient’s refusal, metachronous pancreatic carcinoma, and serious bleeding from rectal varices. Low anterior resection was performed in 40 patients, abdominoperineal resection in 7, and pelvic exenteration in 1. Radical resection (R0) was achieved in 47 patients and one had a microscopic carcinoma focus in the circumferential margin (R1). Major complications (CTCAE v.4.0 G ≥ 3) occurred in 4 out of 48 patients. A rescue surgery with pelvic exenteration was performed in the patient with rectal varices due to tumour progression 35 months after chemoraditherapy completion. She is disease-free 4 months after R0 resection.
Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to patients who did not achieve pCR. In four patients, adjuvant treatment was omitted due to preoperative adverse events (ischemic stroke in two patients and infectious enterocolitis G3 in one), and one patient refused it.
Among 47 operated patients who completed preoperative treatment according to protocol, 12 achieved pathologic complete response (25.5%). The total downstaging rate was 89% (42 of 47 patients), with a decrease in T and N stages observed in 32 (68%) and in 39 (83%) patients, respectively. According to the Dworak criteria23, the tumour regression grades (TRG) were TRG 4, TRG 3, TRG 2, TRG 1, and TRG 0 in 12, 16, 13, 6, and 0 patients, respectively.
An intention-to-treat analysis was performed on all 51 patients. In the median follow-up time of 35 months (range, 14–43 months), we recorded no local relapses and 4 distal relapses (two patients with lung metastases and two with both liver and paraaortic lymph node metastases). To date, 44 patients are alive without rectal cancer; two patients are alive with primary disease (one with an intact primary tumour and one with liver metastases). Three patients have died because of primary rectal cancer disease and two of other causes (myocardial infarction and pancreatic cancer).
Cumulative 2-year LC, DFS, and OS were 100%, 90% (95% CI 98.4–81.6), and 92.2% (95% CI 99.6–84.7), respectively. The possible influence of potential prognostic factors on OS and DFS was determined by means of the log-rank test (Table 2). There was no link between gender, age, performance status, cT, cN, pT, or TRG and survival. Patients with pN2 had significantly worse OS and DFS (Figure 3). In the group of 36 patients that had an indication for adjuvant chemotherapy, we found that the patients who received 5–6 cycles of chemotherapy had significantly better OS and DFS compared with ≤ 4 cycles of chemotherapy (Figure 3). We found a trend toward different OS for patients in different TRG prognostic group, although nonsignificant. Two-year OS’s for good (TRG 4), intermediate (TRG 2–3,) and bad (TRG 0–1) prognostic groups were 100%, 93.3%, and 83.3%, respectively (p = 0.426). Local control, 2-year OS, and 2-year DFS were all 100% for 12 patients with pCR.
Influence of potential prognostic factors on overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) according the AJCC, 7th edition22 according the AJCC, 7th edition22 pathologic complete response chemotherapy calculated for 36 patients with indication for adjuvant chemotherapy; ns = not specific (p > 0.05). TRG = tumour regression grade23; WHO PS = WHO performance statusPrognostic factor OS DFS Age ns ns Gender ns ns WHO PS ns ns Tumour grade ns ns cTumour stage ns ns cNodal stage ns ns TRG ns ns TRG prognostic group ns ns pTumour staged ns ns pNodal staged p = 0.005 p = 0.039 pCR Adjuvant chemotherapy ns ns 5-6 vs. ≤4 cycles p = 0.009 p = 0.012
Prognostic significance of pathologic nodal stage (pN) on 2-year disease-free survivala, overall survivalb, prognostic significance of the received number of adjuvant chemotherapy cycles in patients without pCR on 2-year disease-free survivalc, and overall survivald in rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy and surgery.Figure 3
The main limiting factor in the preoperative treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer is acute toxicity – mainly gastrointestinal – which has been preventing the intensification of standard radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer in the last decade. To date, only few prospective studies have used the dosimetric advantage of IMRT-SIB for preoperative treatment intensification of locally advanced rectal cancer.10,11,12,13,14,15 With our experimental preoperative fractionation regime without dose escalation, with standard capecitabine, we report lower acute toxicity rates and comparable treatment results to these dose-escalated studies.
In a previous publication, we reported a very low acute toxicity profile with only 2.4% G3 acute toxicities16, which is lower than two comparable studies with capecitabine. In a Chinese study, 41.8 Gy was delivered to an elective volume in 22 fractions and the tumour-involved lymph nodes received 50.6 Gy.10 The pelvis received 46 Gy in 23 fractions in a Spanish study with simultaneous dose escalation to 57.5 Gy to macroscopic disease.12Authors reported 14% and 7.6% G ≥ 3 acute toxicity rates, respectively. In two drug concomitant chemotherapy (oxaliplatin/capecitabine) dose-escalation trials, the toxicity rates were even higher, up to 44.4%.13,14,15
The shorter treatment time in our trial resulted in 25.5% pCR and excellent downstaging rates of 68% and 83% for T and N stages, respectively. In our historic cohort with 3D CRT rates of pCR, T, and N downstaging were 9%, 40%, and 52.9%, respectively.24 Our pCR rate did not significantly differ from the 31% and 30,6% rates in the Chinese and Spanish trials, but was significantly higher compared to our historic cohort.
We observed improved results with a BED similar to standard preoperative treatment. Because of a strong positive correlation between pCR and the dose of radiation25, we believe that there are multiple factors positively influencing the results of our trial. Firstly, if the time factor in our calculations is underestimated due to a short lag-period26, the BED of our fractionation regime is higher and improvement is achieved due to a steep dose response curve. Secondly, in historic 3D CRT trials, pretreatment pelvic MRI was not mandatory27 and the clinical stage was unreliable. Even in the era of MRI, only recently has cN begun being determined according to morphology.28 Thirdly, there was a huge improvement in the precision of the radiotherapy process in recent years. In our study protocol, we tried to minimize the dosimetric impact of inter-observer variability29 by using detailed contouring guidelines and a co-registered planning MRI30 when available. A non-uniform safety margin was applied and IGRT was used. In our previous 3D CRT trial, the contouring guidelines were more loose and GTV was contoured according to CT, since MRI was done only in 5% of patients.24 A uniform 1 cm safety margin was used, not counting for organ motion, and the patient position was verified with weekly portal films only. Consequently, systematic errors were substantial and could have contributed to poorer results.
Our tumour downstaging rate is comparable to the Chinese trial; but in a Spanish trial, the rate was higher (76.4%) with a higher dose escalation.10,12 In both studies, an additional boost was applied to the involved lymph nodes with only a 5 mm margin and position verification with weekly portal films in the Chinese and a daily cone beam CT in the Spanish trial. Our N-downstaging rate is similar to that in the Chinese research and higher than the Spanish trial despite lower BED, which suggests that an additional boost to the involved lymph nodes is not mandatory. Another explanation of these results would be that the 5 mm margin around the nodal GTV that was used in both of the other trials was not sufficient to adequately cover the affected nodes with the boost dose and the N downstaging rate could have been higher.
Since the pCR rate has a poor treatment prognostic value31 and the downstaging comparison with historic trials is not reliable, we performed a comparison of three prognostic groups according to late results of CAO/ARO/AIO-94 trial. They found a significant impact on 10-year DFS for the good (TRG 4), intermediate (TRG 2–3), and bad (TRG 0–1) response groups. We compared the proportions from our study to comparable preoperative studies with concomitant capecitabine (Table 3). In comparison to 3D CRT32, we achieved a higher pCR rate (TRG 4; p = 0.004) and observed less bad responses to treatment (TRG 0–1; p = 0.031) with an equal proportion of patients in the intermediate prognostic group. In comparison with dose-escalation IMRT-SIB preoperative treatment10, we didn’t find a significant difference in the good prognostic group, but the proportion of patients with an intermediate response was higher (p = 0.003) with fewer patients exhibiting a bad response in our study (p = 0.007), which could be a consequence of a more precise radiotherapy procedure.
Comparison of tumour regression grade in patients with R0 resection 3D CRT = 3D conformal radiotherapy; IMRT-SIB = intensity modulated radiation therapy with simultaneous boost; TRG = tumour regression grading23IMRT-SIB But-Hadzic 3D CRT Focas IMRT-SIB But-Hadzic IMRT-SIB Li p p 12 (26%) 40 (10%) 12 (26 %) 19 (33 %) 0.302 29 (63%) 254 (66%) 0.404 29 (63 %) 20 (35 %) 5 (11%) 91 (24%) 5 (11 %) 19 (32 %)
We report an excellent 2-year LC of 100%, and 2-year DFS and OS of 90% and 92,2%, respectively. The results are comparable to more intensified preoperative treatment regimes with reported 2-3-year LC 70–100%, DFS 86–95% and OS 64–96%. In concordance with other studies, we found pN to be the main prognostic factor on OS and DFS27; no association between pCR and survival; and an excellent prognosis for pCR group of patients (2-year LC, DFS, and OS all 100%). The main limitations of our study are the lack of randomization, the small sample size, and no long-term follow-up. Longer follow-up of the patients is needed to determine if excellent early results will translate to improved long-term results, and to determine the impact of our treatment protocol on late toxicity and QoL.
In conclusion high rate of pCR and downstaging after preoperative treatment of LARC with IMRT-SIB in 22 fractions without dose escalation, concomitant with capecitabine, translated into excellent 2-year LC, DFS, and OS (100%, 90%, and 92.2%, respectively). With the presented results, we have confirmed the superiority of our study to the conventional preoperative regimen.5,24 Because of similar results to other IMRT trials and lower acute toxicity profile, our experimental regime is eligible for testing treatment intensification with a second drug in order to further improve the treatment efficacy.