Long-term survival in glioblastoma: methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) promoter methylation as independent favourable prognostic factor
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Nov 10, 2016
Page range: 394 - 401
Received: Jul 15, 2015
Accepted: Aug 06, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/raon-2015-0041
© 2016 Radiol Oncol
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Treatment with surgery, conformal radiotherapy and chemotherapy led to modest improvement in the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). In the past, surgery alone or combined with less precise techniques of radiotherapy led to median survival of 12 months and only about 20% of patients survived beyond 2 years.1,2 After introduction of modern tri-modality treatment, median survival extended to 14 months.3,4 For the majority of patients, however, the prognosis remains poor and long-term survival beyond 3 years after diagnosis is still rare.5
Several clinical characteristics have been confirmed as independent prognostic factors. Worse survival has been associated with advanced age, poor performance status and incomplete surgical resection of the tumour.6-8 Regarding post-surgical treatment, over 8 weeks of delay with postoperative radiotherapy and omission of postoperative chemotherapy had negative impact upon survival, as well.9-12
Study of the prognostic importance of immunohistochemical and genetic characteristics of brain tumours is a relatively recent approach. In low-grade gliomas, mutation of enzyme izocitratedehidrogenaze1 (IDH1) has been found in more than 60% of cases.13 Patients with mutated IDH1 fare better than those who have IDH1 wild type.14,15 In anaplastic oligodendroglioma, co-deletion of 1p and 19q chromosomes conferred a significant benefit when compared to patients without this mutation.16 In GBM, mutation of IDH1 is far rarer than in lower grade gliomas and the prognostic importance of this mutation has not been confirmed.17-19 However, GBMs often gain methylation of the promoter of methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT), an enzyme otherwise un-methylated and as such has been found to diminished its influence on temozolomide therapeutic function and ultimately improve patient survival repair alkylation caused by temozolomide. Some studies have used MGMT methylation status as a stratification tool.20-23
The genes cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and CDKN2B, are sometimes used as a poor prognosis marker in various neoplasms, and the decreased expression of these genes, has been shown to correlate with the poor prognosis.24 It has been proposed, that as CDKN2A is present in paediatric low grade gliomas, recurring as a high grade one of prognostic factors is CDKN2A deletion and that probably patients expressing could be treated differently at the first presentation.25
This study focused on some genetic characteristics of the GBMs and used to test the hypothesis that long-term survival is in association with these genetic alterations. We compare GBM patients with survival beyond 2.5 years with a control group matched by age, extent of surgery, performance status and therapy, but with standard median survival of GBM.
In Slovenia, surgery for brain tumours is done in Departments for Neurosurgery of the University Clinical Centre in Ljubljana and in Maribor. In case of indication for radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, patients are referred to the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana.
The pool of patients covered by this analysis comprises all cases with biopsy-proven GBM and treated at the Institute of Oncology in Ljubljana between 1997 and 2011. Initial analysis included data on demographics, extent of surgery, performance status, post-surgical treatment, time to progression and survival. Follow-up for progression and update on survival were completed on September 2014.
From this series of patients, two groups of patients were selected for detailed immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis. All tumours were initially classified and graded according to current WHO 2007 classification of the tumours of the central nervous system.26
From selected paraffin blocks of GBMs with LTS and control groups the samples were taken and tissue microarray (TMA) was made in which the sample of each tissue was 2 mm thick in diameter. After sampling the tissue for TAM 10 sections of 5-μm thickness from each block we additionally cut for molecular epigenetic and genetic analysis for MGMT promoter methylation, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, presence of 1p/19q co-deletion and CDKN2A, CDKN2Bmutations.
Immunohistochemistry was applied on 4-μm thick sections of TAM to detect IDH1 R132H mutation using mouse MAb clone H09, diluted 1:50 (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) on a Bench Mark XT immunostainer (Ventana Medical Systems, Tuscon, AZ, USA).
Tissue samples were cut at 10 μm from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and for the isolation procedure, six to eight 10 μm sections were used. Total DNA isolation was performed using QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The DNA was eluted in 60 μl of nuclease-free water. The yield was measured fluorescently using Quant-It (Life Technologies) according to manufacturer instruction and Rotor Gene Q (Qiagen).27-29
For MGMT methylation detection, methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used in a two-step approach with primers previously described.28 Briefly, prior to MSP, 500 ng of DNA was used for bisulfite conversion using innuCONVERT Bisulfite Basic Kit according to manufacturer instruction (Analytik Jena) and stored at -20° for subsequent MSP. For MSP, 15 ng of bisulfite converted DNA was used with 0.2 μM of each primer for methylated form and 0.3 μM of primer for unmethylated form, 2 mM of dNTP and 0.25 U of Hot Master Polymerase (5 Prime) in 10 μl reaction. Amplification was performed according to manufacturer instruction using 59 °C for primer annealing. In each run, fully methylated (EpiTect Control DNA, methylated, Qiagen) as well as fully unmethylated controls (EpiTect Control DNA, unmethlyated, Qiagen) were used as assay controls. Results were analysed using 2% agarose gel. The investigator who analysed the glioma samples were blinded to all clinical information.
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis was used to detect copy number changes of multiple loci simultaneously (
SPSS 20 statistical package was used for statistical analysis. The prognostic importance of individual parameters for the LPS and control groups were compared with chi-square test and then with non-parametric test package. The difference of corticosteroid dose between groups at different time intervals was calculated using T-test. Cox regression was used for survival analysis.
The study was approved by Ethics and Study Protocol Assessment Committee at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana and by the Slovenian Ethics Committee for Research in Medicine (approval ref. no. 12/07/2011) and was carried out according to the Helsinki Declaration.
During the period covered by this study, 862 patients (501 male, 361 female) with GBM were treated at the Institute of Oncology in Ljubljana. Median age was 60 years (range: 18 to 86 years). From this series, 40 patients with survival beyond 30 months (LTS group), and 40 patients with shorter survival and matched according to age, extent of surgery, performance status, and therapy (Control group) were selected for further analysis.
Data on demographics and basic prognostic factors for the LTS and control groups are presented in Table 1. Regarding standard prognostic factors and treatment, no difference is seen between LTS group and control group.
Demographics, standard prognostic factors and treatment for long-term survivor (LTS) group and control group
| Variable | LTS group | Control group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 47,5 (21–74) | 49, 6 (23–74) | ||
| Male | 24 | 31 | |
| Female | 16 | 9 | |
| Gross total | 22 | 23 | |
| Reduction | 15 | 15 | |
| Biopsy | 3 | 2 | |
| 0 | 9 | 5 | |
| 1 | 25 | 26 | |
| 2 | 4 | 9 | |
| 3 | 2 | 0 | |
| 58 | 57,9 | ||
| 1D | 1 | 0 | |
| 2D | 3 | 3 | |
| 3D | 36 | 37 | |
| 25–33 | 25–33 | ||
| Yes | 37 | 39 | |
| Adjuvant only | 3 | 1 |
PS = performance status; RT = radiotherapy
Response to primary treatment
| LTS group | Control group | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Includes patients reported by surgeon as gross total resection; LTS = long term survivor | 24 | 4 | < 0.001 |
| 5 | 2 | n.s. | |
| 4 | 13 | 0.013 | |
| 7 | 20 | 0.002 | |
| 31/40 | 19/40 | < 0.001 | |
| 0 | 1 |
Median overall survival for all 863 patients was 10 months. Median survival for the LTS group and for control group was 58 and 12 months, respectively (Figure 1).
Survival of glioblastoma patients.
Using MSP, 48 of 74 (65%) samples from patients with GBM have methylated analysed CpG islands of MGMT. One sample failed to amplify, therefore analysis was not possible, and one sample gave non-conclusive results. Kaplan-Meyer analysis revealed that overall survival was significantly longer in patients with methylated MGMT compared to those with unmethylated MGMT (43
In 2 cases in the LTS group and 7 cases in the control group, the bioptic material was not sufficient for MGMT promoter methylation analysis.
Methylation of MGMT promoter was confirmed in 36/38 patients in the LTS group and in 12 of 33 patients in the control group (chi square test: p < 0.0001) (Figure 2).
Methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in long term survivors and control group.
Immunohistochemically IDH1 R132H mutation was identified in 6 cases in the LTS group and in 1 case in the control group (p = 0.043). The same results were achieved with genetic analysis of IDH1 R132H mutation (Figure 3).
Izocitratedehidrogenaze1 (IDH1) mutations in long term survivors and control group.
All six IDH1 R132H mutations were present in MGMT methylated GBMs of LTS patients.
We calculated the risk ratio using Cox regression analysis, and in the patients with the IDH1 R132H mutation, the risk of dying of glioblastoma in the observed period was found to be 0.7 of the risk in IDH1 wild type patients. Due to the small number of patients, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.437).
No IDH2 mutations were found.
Chromosomal deletions in 1p and 19q were found in 40% of the patients in the LTS group and in 23.5% of patients in control group (p = 0.167), deletions or partial deletions on 1p or 19q were equally distributed in both groups. No significant differences were found when looking for specific deletions and duplications in single or both chromosomes. Only one patient had a 1p/19q co-deletion, thus suggesting GBM arising from previously undiagnosed oligodendroglial tumour.
There were no differences between the two groups in the expression of CDKN2A and CDKN2B
The frequencies of the assessed markers are summarized in the Table 3.
Molecular and genetic markers
| 6/40 | 1/34 | 0.043 | |
| 6/38 | 1/33 | 0.043 | |
| 0/38 | 0/33 | n.s. | |
| 0/38 | 1/34 | n.s. | |
| 3/38 | 1/34 | n.s. | |
| 10/38 | 6/34 | n.s. | |
| 36/38 | 12/33 | < 0.001 | |
| 29/39 | 25/34 | n.s. | |
| 27/39 | 24/34 | n.s. |
IDH = izocitratedehidrogenaze; LTS = long term survivor; MGMT = methyl guanine methyl transferase; n.s. = non-significant
For any malignancy, prognostic factors are essential when comparing different treatments within a randomised clinical trial or among several separate reports. In addition, predictive factors are helpful in assessing susceptibility to a particular treatment. In combination, identification of prognostic and predictive factors may define categories of patients for whom alternative treatments should be explored.
Regarding glioblastoma, the widely recognized favourable prognostic factors for longer survival are younger age, gross total surgical resection of the tumour, good performance status and initiation of postoperative radiotherapy within 2 months after surgery. Patients over 70 years of age have a median survival of just half a year regardless of the treatment, and the majority of those over 75 don’t even reach the end of initial radiotherapy. On the other hand, average survival of patients under 50 exceeds 2 years, as recently reported by our group4 and by several other authors.31-33 Type of surgery is also important: median survival is three months shorter for patients after biopsy, when compared with those after maximal safe resection.34,35 Performance status after surgery plays a major role in a patient’s survival: patients unable to perform daily chores have a median survival of around 3 months.36-38 Finally, shorter survival has been reported for patients who start radiotherapy after a delay of more than 6 to 8 weeks after surgery.9
To ad those known factors into the frame, which can help clinician to decide on the optimal treatment of the glioblastoma patients, recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of those factors has been performed. Patients are then stratified to RPA classes which closely correspond to median survival.39-41
Still, in spite of significant improvement of median survival after tri-modality treatment, the prognosis for most patients remains grim.42,43
Our study is an attempt to assess an epigenetic and several genetic characteristics of the tumour as prognostic and predictive factors in glioblastoma. While long-term survivors with this disease are indeed a minority, some patients do survive beyond three years. A group of patients with LTS was therefore compared with a control group of patients with shorter survival. Since the two groups were balanced according to classical prognostic factors, novel prognostic factors would emerge.
Among molecular prognostic factors, MGMT methylation has been the most widely studied.44-46 MGMT has been proposed as a major factor determining prognosis and also predicting response to temozolomide-based chemotherapy. An overall survival benefit in MGMT promoter methylated patients, even among those treated only with radiotherapy, points to its role as a prognostic factor.47 Kim with co-workers compared patients with MGMT un-methylated tumours those with MGMT methylated tumours and reported median survival of 20 and 29 months, and 2-year survival of 31% and 54%, respectively.48
The most important finding of our study is that MGMT promoter methylation was detected in 95% of patients with LTS, and only in 36% of patients in the control group. The difference is highly significant. On the basis of our data, it seems that with the current treatment, MGMT promoter methylation is a condition without which glioblastoma patients with LTS are rarely seen.
In our analysis, methylated MGMT promoter was confirmed in 36/38 and in 12/33 cases for the LTS and control groups, respectively. It appears that without MGMT promoter methylation, LTS unlikely. Even more importantly, an un-methylated genotype is an ominous portent for the majority of patients.
IDH1 mutations are also significantly more common among patients surviving beyond two and half years. IDH1 mutations were present only in the MGMT promoter methylated patients, As IDH1 mutations in glioblastoma are rare and their independent prognostic impact is still unknown, we would not recommend routine IDH1 testing in all glioblastoma patients.49
Treatment of elderly patients with glioblastoma remains a difficult challenge. Recently, it was proposed that elderly patients should be offered treatment, based primarily on the MGMT promoter methylation status: radiotherapy alone for un-methylated and temozolomide or accelerated radiotherapy with temozolomide for patients with MGMT methylated tumours.50 In our survey, age was not a factor when considering patients for conventional tri-modality treatment and we do have some patients with LTS also among the elderly. In our opinion, an elderly patient in good performance status should be offered conventional tri-modality treatment, regardless of MGMT promoter methylation status.
Molecular and genetic testing offers additional prognostic and predictive information for patients with glioblastoma. The most important finding of our analysis is that in the absence of MGMT promoter methylation, long-term survival is very rare. For patients without this mutation, alternative treatments should be explored.