Conceptualising patterns of spatial flows: Five decades of advances in the definition and use of functional regions

ABLER, R., ADAMS, J. S., GOULD, P. (1972): Spatial organization: The geographer’s view of the world. London, Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar

ALONSO, M. P., BEAMONTE, A., GARGALLO, P., SALVADOR, M. (2015): Local labour markets delineation: an approach based on evolutionary algorithms and classification methods. Journal of Applied Statistics, 42(5): 1043-1063.10.1080/02664763.2014.995604Search in Google Scholar

BALL, R. M. (1980): The use and definition of travel-to-work areas in Great Britain: some problems. Regional Studies, 14(2): 125-139.10.1080/09595238000185121Search in Google Scholar

BAUMANN, J. H., FISCHER, M. M., SCHUBERT, U. (1983): A multiregional labour supply model for Austria: the effects of different regionalisations in multiregional labour market modelling. Papers in Regional Science, 52(1): 53-83.10.1007/BF01944095Search in Google Scholar

BERRY, B. J. L. (1968): A synthesis of formal and functional regions using a general field theory of spatial behaviour. In: Berry, B. J. L, Marble, D. F. [eds.]: Spatial Analysis (pp. 419-428). Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.Search in Google Scholar

BERRY, B. J. L. (1973): Growth centres in the American urban system. Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger. Search in Google Scholar

BEZÁK, A. (2000): Funkčné mestské regióny na Slovensku. Geographia Slovaca 15, Bratislava, Geografický ústav SAV.Search in Google Scholar

BEZDEK, J. C., EHRLICH, R., FULL, W. (1984): FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Computers & Geosciences, 10(2): 191-203.10.1016/0098-3004(84)90020-7Search in Google Scholar

BHASKAR, R. (1998): The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, Third edition. London and New York, Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

BLOMMESTEIN, H., NIJKAMP, P., VAN VEENENDAAL, W. (1980): Shopping Perceptions and Preferences: A Multidimensional Attractiveness Analysis of Consumer and Entrepreneurial Attitudes. Economic Geography, 56(2): 155-174.10.2307/142933Search in Google Scholar

BROWN, L. A., HOLMES, J. (1971): The delimitation of functional regions, nodal regions, and hierarchies by functional distance approaches. Journal of Regional Science, 11(1): 57-72.10.1111/j.1467-9787.1971.tb00240.xSearch in Google Scholar

BRUSH, J. E. (1953): The hierarchy of central places in Wisconsin. Geographical Review, 53(3): 380-402.10.2307/211754Search in Google Scholar

CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M. (2000): Local labour market areas in Spain: a case study. Regional Studies, 34(9): 843-856.10.1080/00343400020002976Search in Google Scholar

CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M., COOMBES, M. (2011): The delineation of 21st century local labour markets areas: a critical review and a research agenda. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 57: 7-32.Search in Google Scholar

CHRISTALLER, W. (1933): Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland. Jena, Gustav Fischer.Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. (2010): Defining labour market areas by analysing commuting data: innovative methods in the 2007 review of Travel-to-Work Areas. In: Stillwell, J., et al. [eds.]: Technologies for migration and commuting analysis: spatial interaction data applications (pp. 227- 241). Hershey, IGI Global.10.4018/978-1-61520-755-8.ch012Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. G. (2000): Defining locality boundaries with synthetic data. Environment and Planning A, 32(8): 1499-1518.10.1068/a29165Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. G., BOND, S. (2008): Travel-to-Work Areas: the 2007 review. London, Office for National Statistics.Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. G., DIXON, J. S., GODDARD, J. B., OPENSHAW, S., TAYLOR, P. J. (1982): Functional regions for the population census of Great Britain. In: Herbert, D. T., Johnston, R. J. [eds.]: Geography and the Urban Environment. Progress in Research and Applications 5 (pp. 63-112). Chichester, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. G., DIXON, J. S., GODDARD, J. B., OPENSHAW, S., TAYLOR, P. J. (1979): Daily urban systems in Britain: from theory to practice. Environment and Planning A, 11(5): 565-574.10.1068/a110565Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. G., GREEN, A. E., OPENSHAW, S. (1986): An Efficient Algorithm to Generate Official Statistical Reporting Areas: The Case of the 1984 Travel-to-Work Areas Revision in Britain. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 37(10): 943-953.10.1057/jors.1986.163Search in Google Scholar

COOMBES, M. G., OPENSHAW, S. (1982): The use and definition of travel-to-work areas in Great Britain: some comments. Regional Studies, 16(2): 141-149.10.1080/09595238200185161Search in Google Scholar

CÖRVERS, F., HENSEN, M., BONGAERTS, D. (2009): Delimitation and coherence of functional and administrative regions. Regional Studies, 43(1): 19-31.10.1080/00343400701654103Search in Google Scholar

DICKINSON, R. E. (1930): The regional functions and zones of influence of Leeds and Bradford. Geography, 15(7): 548-557.Search in Google Scholar

DIJST, M., FARAG, S., SCHWANEN, T. (2008): A comparative study of attitude theory and other theoretical models for understanding travel behaviour. Environment and Planning A, 40(4): 831-847.10.1068/a39151Search in Google Scholar

DROBNE, S., BOGATAJ, M. (2012): A method to define the number of functional regions: An application to NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels in Slovenia. Geodetski vestnik, 56(1): 105-150.10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2012.01.105-127Search in Google Scholar

DROBNE, S., KONJAR, M., LISEC, A. (2010): Razmejitev funkcionalnih regij Slovenije na podlagi analize trga dela. Geodetski vestnik, 54(3): 481-500.10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2010.03.481-500Search in Google Scholar

DZIEWOŃSKI, K. (1967): Concepts and terms in the field of economic regionalization. In: Macka, M. [ed.]: Economic regionalization (pp. 25-36). Praha, Academia.Search in Google Scholar

FARMER, C. J. Q., FOTHERINGHAM, A. S. (2011): Network-based functional regions. Environment and Planning A, 43(11): 2723-2741.10.1068/a44136Search in Google Scholar

FENG, Z. (2009): Fuzziness of Travel to Work Areas. Regional Studies, 43(5): 707-720.10.1080/00343400801922806Search in Google Scholar

FERIA, J. M., CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M., MARTÍNEZBERNABÉU, L. (2015): Inside the metropolis: the articulation of Spanish metropolitan areas into local labor markets. Urban Geography, 36(7): 1018-1041.10.1080/02723638.2015.1053199Search in Google Scholar

FISCHER, M. M., ESSLETZBICHLER, J., GASSLER, H., TRICHTL, G. (1993): Telephone communication patterns in Austria: a comparison of the IPFP-based graphtheoretic and the Intramax approaches. Geographical Analysis, 25(3): 224-233.Search in Google Scholar

FLÓREZ-REVUELTA, F., CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M., MARTÍNEZBERNABEU, L. (2008): An evolutionary approach to the delineation of functional areas based on travel-towork flows. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 5(1): 10-21.10.1007/s11633-008-0010-6Search in Google Scholar

FOTHERINGHAM, A. S., WONG, D. W. S. (1991): The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis. Environment and Planning A, 23(7): 1025-1044.10.1068/a231025Search in Google Scholar

GIDDENS, A. (1984): The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, Polity.Search in Google Scholar

GOLLEDGE, R. G., STIMPSON, R. J. (1997): Spatial behavior: a geographical perspective. New York-London, The Guildford Press.Search in Google Scholar

GOODMAN, J. F. B. (1970): The definition and analysis of local labour markets: some empirical problems. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 8(2): 179-196.10.1111/j.1467-8543.1970.tb00968.xSearch in Google Scholar

GREER-WOOTTEN, B., GILMOUR, G. M. (1972): Distance and Directional Bias in Migration Patterns in Depreciating Metropolitan Areas. Geographical Analysis, 4(1): 92-97.10.1111/j.1538-4632.1972.tb00459.xSearch in Google Scholar

GRIGG, D. (1967): Regions, models, and classes. In: Chorley, R. J., Haggett, P. [eds.]: Models in Geography (pp. 461- 509). London, Methuen.Search in Google Scholar

GRUCHOCIAK, H. (2012): Delimitacja lokalnych rynków pracy v Polsce, Przegląd statystyczny. Numer specjalny, 2: 277-297.Search in Google Scholar

HAGGETT, P. (1965): Locational Analysis in Human Geography. London, Arnold. Search in Google Scholar

HAGGETT, P. (2008): The spirit of quantitative geography. Geographical Analysis, 40(3): 226-228.10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00722.xSearch in Google Scholar

HALÁS, M., KLADIVO, P., ŠIMÁČEK, P., MINTÁLOVÁ, T. (2010): Delimitation of micro-regions in the Czech Republic by nodal relations. Moravian Geographical Reports, 18(2): 16-22.Search in Google Scholar

HALÁS, M., KLAPKA, P., BEDNÁŘ, M., TONEV, P. (2015): An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule-based methods of functional regionalisation. Environment and Planning A, 47(5): 1175-1191.10.1177/0308518X15592306Search in Google Scholar

HALÁS, M., KLAPKA, P., BLEHA, B., BEDNÁŘ, M. (2014): Funkčné regióny na Slovensku podľa denných tokov do zamestnania. Geografický časopis, 66(2): 89-114.Search in Google Scholar

HALL, P. (1974): The containment of urban England. Geographical Journal, 140(3): 386-408.10.2307/1796533Search in Google Scholar

HALL, P., HAY, D. (1980): Growth centres in the European urban system. London, Heinemann Educational Books.Search in Google Scholar

HAYNES, R., LOVETT, A., SÜNNENBERG, G. (2003): Potential accessibility, travel time, and consumer choice: geographical variations in general medical practice registrations in eastern England. Environment and Planning A, 35(10): 1733-1750.10.1068/a35165Search in Google Scholar

HIRST, M. A. (1977): Hierarchical aggregation procedures for interaction data: a comment. Environment and Planning A, 9(1): 99-103.10.1068/a090099Search in Google Scholar

HOLMES, J. H., HAGGETT, P. (1977): Graph theory interpretation of flow matrices: a note on maximization procedures for identifying significant links. Geographical Analysis, 9(4): 388-399.10.1111/j.1538-4632.1977.tb00591.xSearch in Google Scholar

ISARD, W. (1956): Regional science, the concept of region, and regional structure. Papers in Regional Science, 2(1): 13-26.10.1111/j.1435-5597.1956.tb01542.xSearch in Google Scholar

JOHNSTON, R. (2008): Quantitative Human Geography: Are We Turning Full Circle? Geographical Analysis, 40(3): 332-335.10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00730.xSearch in Google Scholar

JOHNSTON, R. J., ROSSITER, D. J. (1981): An approach to the delimitation of planning regions. Applied Geography 1(1): 55-69.10.1016/0143-6228(81)90006-0Search in Google Scholar

KARLSSON, C., OLSSON, M. (2006): The identification of functional regions: theory, methods, and applications. The Annals of Regional Science, 40(1): 1-18.10.1007/s00168-005-0019-5Search in Google Scholar

KEANE, M. J. (1978): A functional distance approach to regionalization. Regional Studies, 12(3): 379-386.10.1080/09595237800185311Search in Google Scholar

KILLER, V., AXHAUSEN, K. W. (2011): Understanding overlapping functional commuting regions with confidence ellipses and social network methods. Working Papers Traffic and Spatial Planning, 714, Zurich, IVT, ETH Zurich.Search in Google Scholar

KLAPKA, P., HALÁS, M., ERLEBACH, M., TONEV, P., BEDNÁŘ, M. (2014): A multistage agglomerative approach for defining functional regions of the Czech Republic: the use of 2001 commuting data. Moravian Geographical Reports, 22(4): 2-13.10.1515/mgr-2014-0019Search in Google Scholar

KLAPKA, P., HALÁS, M., TONEV, P. (2013a): Functional regions: concept and types. In 16th International Colloquium on Regional Sciences, Conference Proceedings (pp. 94-101). Brno, Masaryk University.10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-6257-2013-11Search in Google Scholar

KLAPKA, P., HALÁS, M., TONEV, P., BEDNÁŘ, M. (2013b): Functional regions of the Czech Republic: comparison of simple and advanced methods of regional taxonomy. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, Facultas Rerum Naturalium, Geographica, 44(1): 45-57.Search in Google Scholar

KROPP, P., SCHWENGLER, B. (2016): Three-Step Method for Delineating Functional Labour Market Regions. Regional Studies, 50(3): 429-445.10.1080/00343404.2014.923093Search in Google Scholar

KWAN, M. P. (1998): Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: a comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical analysis, 30(3): 191-216.10.1111/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.xSearch in Google Scholar

KWAN, M. P., MURRAY, A. T., O'KELLY, M. E., TIEFELSDORF, M. (2003): Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation, methodology and applications. Journal of Geographical Systems 5(1): 129-138.10.1007/s101090300107Search in Google Scholar

LANDRÉ, M. (2012): Geoprocessing journey-to-work data: delineating commuting regions in Dalarna, Sweden. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 1(3): 294-314.10.3390/ijgi1030294Search in Google Scholar

LANDRÉ, M., HÅKANSSON, J. (2013): Rule versus interaction function: evaluating regional aggregations of commuting flows in Sweden. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 13(1): 1-19.Search in Google Scholar

LENNTORP, B. (1976): Paths in Space-Time Environments. A Time-Geographic Study of Movement Possibilities of Individuals. Lund Studies in Geography, Series B, 44. Lund, Royal University of Lund.Search in Google Scholar

LÖSCH, A. (1940): Die räumliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft. Eine Untersuchung über Standort, Wirtschaftsgebiete und internationalem Handel. Jena, Gustav Fischer.Search in Google Scholar

MACKA, M. [ed.] (1967): Economic Regionalisation. Praha, Academia.Search in Google Scholar

MARTÍNEZ-BERNABEU, L., FLÓREZ-REVUELTA, F., CASADO-DÍAZ, J. M. (2012): Grouping genetic operators for the delineation of functional areas based on spatial interaction. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(8): 6754-6766.10.1016/j.eswa.2011.12.026Search in Google Scholar

MASSER, I., BROWN, P. J. B. (1975): Hierarchical aggregation procedures for interaction data. Environment and Planning A, 7(5): 509-523.10.1068/a070509Search in Google Scholar

MASSER, I., SCHEURWATER J. (1978): The specification of multi-level systems for spatial analysis. In: Masser, I., Brown, P. J. B. [eds.]: Spatial representation and spatial interaction (pp. 151-172). Studies in Applied Regional Science, 10, Leiden-Boston, Martinus Nijhoff.10.1007/978-1-4613-4067-6_7Search in Google Scholar

MASSER, I., SCHEURWATER J. (1980): Functional regionalisation of spatial interaction data: an evaluation of some suggested strategies. Environment and Planning A, 12(12): 1357-1382.10.1068/a121357Search in Google Scholar

MITCHELL, W. F., WATTS, M. J. (2010): Identifying functional regions in Australia using hierarchical aggregate techniques. Geographical Research, 48(1): 24-41.10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00631.xSearch in Google Scholar

MORRILL, R. L. (1970): The Spatial Organization of Society. Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing Company.Search in Google Scholar

MORRILL, R. L. (1974): The Spatial Organization of Society. 2nd edition. North Scituate, Duxbury Press.Search in Google Scholar

MURPHY, A. B. (1991): Regions as Social Construct: The Gap between Theory and Practice. Progress in Human Geography, 15(1): 23-35.10.1177/030913259101500102Search in Google Scholar

NEL, J. H., KRYGSMAN, S. C., DE JONG, T. (2008): The identification of possible future provincial boundaries for South Africa based on an intramax analysis of journeyto- work data. ORiON, 24(2): 131-156.Search in Google Scholar

NEWELL, J. O., PERRY, M. (2005): Explaining continuity in New Zealand’s local labour market areas 1991 to 2001. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 11(2): 155-174.Search in Google Scholar

NYSTUEN, J. D., DACEY, M. F. (1961): A graph theory interpretation of nodal regions. Regional Science Association, Papers and Proceedings, 7(1): 29-42.10.1007/BF01969070Search in Google Scholar

OPENSHAW, S. (1984): The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. CATMOG 38. Norwich, GeoBooks.Search in Google Scholar

PAASI, A. (1991): Deconstructing regions: notes on the scales of spatial life. Environment and Planning A, 23(2): 239-256.10.1068/a230239Search in Google Scholar

PAPPS, K. L., NEWELL, J. O. (2002): Identifying functional labour market areas in New Zealand: a reconnaissance study using travel-to-work data. Discussion Paper 443. Bonn, Institute for the Study of Labor.10.2139/ssrn.304439Search in Google Scholar

PERSYN, D., TORFS, W. (2011): Functional labour markets in Belgium: evolution over time and intersectoral comparison. In: Discussion Paper 17 (pp. 1-17). Vlaams Instituut voor Economie en Samenleving. Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit.Search in Google Scholar

PHILBRICK, A. K. (1957): Principles of areal functional organization in regional human geography. Economic Geography, 33(4): 299-336.10.2307/142362Search in Google Scholar

PLATT, R. S. (1928): A detail of regional geography: Ellison Bay, community as an industrial organism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 18(2): 81-126.10.1080/00045602809356909Search in Google Scholar

PRED, A. (1977): The Choreography of Existence: Comments on Hägerstrand´s Time-geography and its Usefulness. Economic Geography, 53(2): 207-221.10.2307/142726Search in Google Scholar

ROBINSON, G. W. S. (1953). The geographical region: form and function. The Scottish Geographical Magazine, 69(2): 49-58.Search in Google Scholar

SFORZI, F. [ed.] (1997): I sistemi locali del lavoro. 1991. Roma, Istat.Search in Google Scholar

SLATER, P. B. (1976): A hierarchical regionalization of Japanese prefectures using 1972 interprefectural migration flows. Regional Studies, 10(1): 123-132.10.1080/09595237600185121Search in Google Scholar

SMART, M. W. (1974): Labour market areas: uses and definition. Progress in Planning, 2(4): 239-353.10.1016/0305-9006(74)90008-7Search in Google Scholar

SYMANSKI, R., NEWMAN, J. L. (1973): Formal, functional and nodal regions: three fallacies. Professional Geographer, 25(4): 350-352.10.1111/j.0033-0124.1973.00350.xSearch in Google Scholar

TAYLOR, P. J. (1991): A theory and practice of regions: the case of Europes. Environment and Planning D, 9(2): 183-195.10.1068/d090183Search in Google Scholar

TERLOUW, K. (2001): Regions in geography and the regional geography of semiperipheral development. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 92(1): 76-87.10.1111/1467-9663.00140Search in Google Scholar

TIMMERMANS, H., ARENTZE, T., JOH, C.-H. (2002) Analysing space-time behaviour: new approaches to old problems. Progress in Human Geography, 26(2): 175-190.10.1191/0309132502ph363raSearch in Google Scholar

TOBLER, W. (1970): A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46, Supplement: Proceedings. International Geographical Union, Commission on quantitative methods: 234-240.10.2307/143141Search in Google Scholar

ULLMAN, E. (1980): Geography as spatial interaction. Washington, University of Washington Press.Search in Google Scholar

UNWIN, D. J. (1996): GIS, spatial analysis and spatial statistics. Progress in Human Geography, 20(4): 540-551.10.1177/030913259602000408Search in Google Scholar

VAN DER LAAN, L., SCHALKE, R. (2001): Reality versus policy: the delineation and testing of local Labour Market and Spatial Policy Areas. European Planning Studies, 9(2): 201-221.10.1080/09654310123131Search in Google Scholar

WARD, J. H. (1963): Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301): 236-244.10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845Search in Google Scholar

WATTS, M. (2004): Local labour markets in New South Wales: fact or fiction? Centre of Full Employment and Equity, Working Paper 04-12. Callaghan, the University of Newcastle, Australia.Search in Google Scholar

WATTS, M. (2009): Rules versus hierarchy: an application of fuzzy set theory to the assessment of spatial grouping techniques. In: Kolehmainen, M., et al. [eds.]: Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5495 (pp. 517-526). Berlin- Heidelberg, Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-04921-7_53Search in Google Scholar

WATTS, M. (2013): Assessing different spatial grouping algorithms: an application to the design of Australia's new statistical geography. Spatial Economic Analysis, 8(1): 92-112.10.1080/17421772.2012.753637Search in Google Scholar

WILSON, A. (1969): Notes on some concepts in social physics. Regional Science Association, Papers, 22(1): 159-193.10.1007/BF01941171Search in Google Scholar

YANG, M. S. (1993): A survey of fuzzy clustering. Mathematical and Computer modelling, 18(11): 1-16.10.1016/0895-7177(93)90202-ASearch in Google Scholar

ZIPF, G. K. (1949): Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Cambridge, Mass., Addison-Wesley Press.Search in Google Scholar