Revisiting simple methods to estimate drop size distributions: a novel approach based on infrared thermography

Atlas, D., Srivastava, R.C., Sekhon, R.S., 1973. Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 11, 1-35.10.1029/RG011i001p00001Search in Google Scholar

Bentley, A., 1904. Studies of Raindrops and Raindrop Phenomena. Monthly Weather Review, 32, 450-456.10.1175/1520-0493(1904)32<450:SORARP>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Bradley, S.G., Stow, C.D., 1974. The measurement of charge and size of raindrops: Part I. The disdrometer. J. Appl. Meteorol., 13, 114-130.10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013<0114:TMOCAS>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Cardenas, M.B., Harvey, J.W., Packman, A.I., Scott, D.T., 2008. Ground-based thermography of fluvial systems at low and high discharge reveals potential complex thermal heterogeneity driven by flow variation and bioroughness. Hydrol. Process., 22, 7, 980-986.10.1002/hyp.6932Search in Google Scholar

Cataneo, R., Stout, G.E., 1968. Raindrop-size distributions in humid continental climates, and associated rainfall rate-radar reflectivity relationships. J. Appl. Meteorol., 7, 901-907.10.1175/1520-0450(1968)007<0901:RSDIHC>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Danielescu, S., MacQuarrie, K.T.B., Faux, R.N., 2009. The integration of thermal infrared imaging, discharge measurements and numerical simulation to quantify the relative contributions of freshwater inflows to small estuaries in Atlantic Canada. Hydrol. Process., 23, 20, 2847-2859. 10.1002/hyp.7383Search in Google Scholar

de Lima, J.L.M.P., Abrantes, J.R.C.B., 2014a. Can infrared thermography be used to estimate soil surface microrelief and rill morphology? Catena, 113, 314-322. 10.1016/j.catena.2013.08.011Search in Google Scholar

de Lima, J.L.M.P., Abrantes, J.R.C.B., 2014b. Using a thermal tracer to estimate overland and rill flow velocities. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 39, 10, 1293-1300. 10.1002/esp.3523Search in Google Scholar

de Lima, J.L.M.P., Abrantes, J.R.C.B., Silva Jr, V.P., Montenegro, A.A.A., 2014. Prediction of skin surface soil permeability by infrared thermography: a soil flume experiment. Quantitative Infrared Thermogr. J., 11, 2, 161-169.10.1080/17686733.2014.945325Search in Google Scholar

Eigel, J.D., Moore, I.D., 1983. A simplified technique for measuring raindrop size and distribution. Transactions of the ASABE - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 26, 4, 1079-1084.10.13031/2013.34080Search in Google Scholar

Hauser, D., Amayenc, P., Nutten, B., Waldteufel, P., 1984. A new optical instrument for simultaneous measurement of raindrop diameter and fall speed distribution. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 1, 256-269.10.1175/1520-0426(1984)001<0256:ANOIFS>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Jarman, R.T., 1956. Stains produced by drops on filter paper. Royal Meteorological Society Quarterly J., 82, 252.10.1002/qj.49708235313Search in Google Scholar

Jones, D.M.A., 1992. Raindrop spectra at the ground. J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 1219-1225.10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1219:RSATG>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Joss, J., Waldvogel, A., 1969. Raindrop size distribution and sampling size errors. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 566-569.10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0566:RSDASS>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Knollenberg, R.G., 1970. The optical array: An alternative to scattering or extinction for airborne particle size determination. J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 86-103.10.1175/1520-0450(1970)009<0086:TOAAAT>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Laws, J.O., Parsons, D.A., 1943. The relation of raindrop-size to intensity. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 24, 452-460.10.1029/TR024i002p00452Search in Google Scholar

Magarvey, R.H., 1957. Stain Method of Drop-Size Determination. J. Meteorol., 14, 182-184.10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0182:SMODSD>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Marshall, J.S., Langille, R.C., Palmer, W.M., 1947. Management of rainfall by radar. J. Meteorol., 4, 186-192.10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004<0186:MORBR>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Mejías, M., Ballesteros, B.J., Antón-Pacheco, C., Domínguez, J.A., Garcia-Orellana, J., Garcia-Solsona, E.G., Masqué, P., 2012. Methodological study of submarine groundwater discharge from a karstic aquifer in the Western Mediterranean Sea. J. Hydrol., 464-465, 27-40.10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.020Search in Google Scholar

Nash, J.E., Sutcliffe, J.V., 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual models, Part I-a discussion of principles. J. Hydrol., 10, 3, 282-290.10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6Search in Google Scholar

Pearson, J.E., Martin, G.E., 1957. An evaluation of raindrop sizing and counting techniques. Scientific Report No. 1, Illinois State Water Survey and the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA, 116 p.Search in Google Scholar

Pfister, L., McDonnell, J.J., Hissler, C., Hoffman, L., 2010. Ground-based thermal imagery as a simple, practical tool for mapping saturated area connectivity and dynamics. Hydrol. Process., 24, 21, 3123-3132.10.1002/hyp.7840Search in Google Scholar

Schuetz, T., Weiler, M., Lange, J., Stoelzle, M., 2012.Twodimensional assessment of solute transport in shallow waters with thermal imaging and heated water. Adv. Water Resour., 43, 67-75.10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.03.013Search in Google Scholar

Sekhon R.S., Srivastava, R.C., 1971. Doppler radar observations of drop-size distributions in a thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 983-994.10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0983:DROODS>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Thies, A., 2007. Instruction for Use 021341/08/07. Laser Precipitation Monitor 5.4110.xx.x00 V2.4x STD. 64.Search in Google Scholar

Uijlenhoet, R., 1999. Parameterization of Rainfall Microstructure for Radar Meteorology and Hydrology. Doctoral thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, P.K., Pruppacher, H.R., 1977. Acceleration to terminal velocity of cloud and raindrops. J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 275-280.10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0275:ATTVOC>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Wang, T., Earnshaw K.B., Lawrence, R.S., 1979. Path-averaged measurements of rain rate and raindrop size distribution using a fast-response optical sensor. J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 654-660.10.1175/1520-0450(1979)018<0654:PAMORR>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar