Open Access

Review. The Link between Periodontal Disease, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis — an Interdisciplinary Approach


Cite

1. Slocum C, Kramer C, Genco A. Immune dysregulation mediated by the oral microbiome: potential link to chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Int Med. 2016;280:114-128.10.1111/joim.1247626791914Search in Google Scholar

2. Chukkapalli SS, Easwaran M, Rivera-Kweh MF, et al. Sequential Colonization of Periodontal Pathogens in Induction of Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis in LDLRnull Mice. Pathog Dis. 2017; pii: ftx003.10.1093/femspd/ftx003535399628104616Search in Google Scholar

3. Lu Q, Jin L. Human gingiva is another site of C-reactive protein formation. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37:789-796.10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01600.x20666874Search in Google Scholar

4. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. New Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126.10.1056/NEJM1999011434002079887164Search in Google Scholar

5. Meurman JH, Sanz M, Janket SJ. Oral health, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine. 2004;15:403413.10.1177/15441113040150060615574681Search in Google Scholar

6. Li J, Liu Y, Ren X, Chang L, Yue Z, Shi X. Effect of oral intervention on matrix metalloproteinase-2, 9 expression in carotid arteries and serum interleukin-6 in rats with chronic periodontitis. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;49:554-559.Search in Google Scholar

7. Ramirez JH, Parra B, Gutierrez S, et al. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are increased in untreated chronic periodontitis: a case control study. Aust Dent J. 2014;59:29-36.10.1111/adj.1213924495202Search in Google Scholar

8. Aarabi G, Eberhard J, Reissmann DR, Heydecke G, Seedorf U. Interaction between periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease - Fact or fiction? Atherosclerosis. 2015;241:555-560.Search in Google Scholar

9. Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Links between atherosclerotic and periodontal disease. Exp Mol Pathol. 2016;100:220-35.10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.01.00626777261Search in Google Scholar

10. Meurman JH, Sanz M, Janket SJ. Oral health, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine. 2004;15:403413.10.1177/154411130401500606Search in Google Scholar

11. Carrion J, Scisci E, Miles B, et al. Microbial carriage state of peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) in chronic periodontitis influences DC differentiation, atherogenic potential. J Immunol. 2012;189:3178-3187.10.4049/jimmunol.1201053345968222891282Search in Google Scholar

12. Boillot A, Demmer RT, Mallat Z, et al. Periodontal microbiota and phospholipases: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Atherosclerosis. 2015;242:418-423.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.039486220826282947Search in Google Scholar

13. Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Nagarajan A, Mathew K. Prevalence of eight putative periodontal pathogens in atherosclerotic plaque of coronary artery disease patients and comparing them with noncardiac subjects: A case-control study. Indian J Dent Res. 2015;26:189-195.10.4103/0970-9290.15916426096116Search in Google Scholar

14. Shor A, Kuo CC, Patton DL. Detection of Chlamydia pneumonia in coronary arterial fatty streaks and atheromatous plaques. S Afr Med J. 1992;82:158-161.Search in Google Scholar

15. Kuo CC, Gown AM, Benditt EP, Grayston JT. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in aortic lesions of atherosclerosis by immunocytochemical stain. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:1501-1504.10.1161/01.ATV.13.10.1501Search in Google Scholar

16. Farsak B, Yildirir A, Aky€on Y et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori DNA in human atherosclerotic plaques by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4408-4411.10.1128/JCM.38.12.4408-4411.20008761311101572Search in Google Scholar

17. Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ, Trevisan M, Zeid M, Genco RJ. Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques. J Periodontol. 2000;71:1554-1560.10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.155411063387Search in Google Scholar

18. Ameriso SF, Fridman EA, Leiguarda RC, Sevlever GE. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Stroke. 2001;32:385-391.10.1161/01.STR.32.2.385Search in Google Scholar

19. Latsios G, Saetta A, Michalopoulos NV, Agapitos E, Patsouris E. Detection of cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in carotid atherosclerotic plaques by the polymerase chain reaction. Acta Cardiol. 2004;59:650-657.10.2143/AC.59.6.200524915636450Search in Google Scholar

20. Kozarov EV, Dorn BR, Shelburne CE, Dunn WA, Progulske-Fox A. Human atherosclerotic plaque contains viable invasive Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:e17-18.10.1161/01.ATV.0000155018.67835.1a15662025Search in Google Scholar

21. Kaplan M, Yavuz SS, Cinar B et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques of carotid artery by polymerase chain reaction. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10:116-123.10.1016/j.ijid.2004.10.00816183317Search in Google Scholar

22. Szulc M, Kustrzycki W, Janczak D, Michalowska D, Baczynska D, Radwan-Oczko M. Presence of Periodontopathic Bacteria DNA in Atheromatous Plaques from Coronary and Carotid Arteries. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:825397.10.1155/2015/825397460937726504835Search in Google Scholar

23. Liu F, Wang Y, Xu J, Liu F, Hu R, Deng H. Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on the expression of key genes involved in cholesterol metabolism in macrophages. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12:959-967.10.5114/aoms.2016.61909501658427695485Search in Google Scholar

24. Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Schiavoni G, et al. Chlamydia pneumonie clinical isolate from gingival cervicular fluid: a potential atherogenic strain. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2015;5:86.10.3389/fcimb.2015.00086465944226636048Search in Google Scholar

25. Chukkapalli SS, Velsko IM, Rivera-Kweh MF, Zheng D, Lucas AR, Kesavalu L. Polymicrobial Oral Infection with Four Periodontal Bacteria Orchestrates a Distinct Inflammatory Response and Atherosclerosis in ApoEnull Mice. Plos One. 2015;10:e0143291.10.1371/journal.pone.0143291466424026619277Search in Google Scholar

26. Kimak A, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Bachanek T, Kimak E. Lipids and lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic apical periodontitis. Lipids in health and disease. 2015;14:162.10.1186/s12944-015-0156-5467847126666260Search in Google Scholar

27. Paquette DWQ. The periodontal-cardiovascular link. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 2004;25:681-692.Search in Google Scholar

28. Fak F, Tremaroli V, Bergström G, Bäckhed F. Oral microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243:573578.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.09726536303Search in Google Scholar

29. Koren O, Spor A, Felin J, et al. Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108 Suppl 1:4592-8.10.1073/pnas.1011383107306358320937873Search in Google Scholar

30. Buhlin K, Gustafsson A, Hakansson J, Klinge B. Oral health and cardiovascular disease in Sweden. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:254-259.10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290312.x11940146Search in Google Scholar

31. Toregeani JF, Nassar CA, Nassar PO, et al. Evaluation of periodontitis treatment effects on carotid intima-media thickness and expression of laboratory markers related to atherosclerosis. Gen Dent. 2016;64:55-62.Search in Google Scholar

32. Gomes MS, Hugo FN, Hilgert JB, et al. Apical periodontitis and incident cardiovascular events in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Int Endod J. 2016;49:334-342.10.1111/iej.12468513483726011008Search in Google Scholar

33. Groves D, Krantz MJ, Hokanson JE, et al. Comparison of frequency and duration of periodontal disease with progression of coronary artery calcium in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus versus non-diabetics. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:833-837.10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.06.006483802226189036Search in Google Scholar

34. Ketabi M, Meybodi FR, Asgari MR. The association between periodontal disease parameters and severity of atherosclerosis. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2016;13:250-255.10.4103/1735-3327.182185487821027274346Search in Google Scholar

35. Saffi Lumertz MA, Vargas Furtato M, Polanczyk CA, et al. Relationship between vascular endothelium and periodontal disase in atherosclerotic lesions. Review article. World J Cardiol. 2015;7:26-30.10.4330/wjc.v7.i1.26430620325632316Search in Google Scholar

36. Teeuw WJ, Slot DE, Susanto H, et al. Treatment of periodontitis improves the atherosclerotic profile: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2014; 41: 70-79.10.1111/jcpe.12171Search in Google Scholar

37. Cotti E, Dessi C, Piras A, Mercuro G. Can a chronic dental infection be considered a cause of cardiovascular disease? A review of the literature. Int J Cardiol. 2011;148:4-10.10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.011Search in Google Scholar

38. Figuero E, Sanchez-Beltran M, Cuesta-Frechoso S, et al. Detection of periodontal bacteria in atheromatous plaque by nested polymerase chain reaction. J Periodontol. 2011;82:1469-1477.10.1902/jop.2011.100719Search in Google Scholar

39. Söder B, Meurman JH, Söder PÖ. Gingival Inflammation Associates with Stroke--A Role for Oral Health Personnel in Prevention: A Database Study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0137142.10.1371/journal.pone.0137142Search in Google Scholar

40. Zeng XT, Leng WD, Lam YY, et al. Periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis: A meta-analysis of 17,330 participants. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:1044-1051.10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.092Search in Google Scholar

41. Bengtsson VW, Persson GR, Berglund J, Renvert S. A cross-sectional study of the associations between periodontitis and carotid arterial calcifications in an elderly population. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74:115-120.10.3109/00016357.2015.1050603Search in Google Scholar

42. Budzynski J, Wisniewska J, Ciecierski M, Kedzia A. Association between bacterial infection and peripheral vascular disease: A review. Int J Angiol. 2016;25:3-13.Search in Google Scholar

43. Sessa R, Pietro MD, Filardo S, Turriziani O. Infectious burden and atherosclerosis: a clinical issue. World J Clin Cases. 2014;2:240-249.10.12998/wjcc.v2.i7.240Search in Google Scholar

44. Suzuki J, Aoyama N, AokiM, et al. High incidence of periodontitis in Japanese patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Int Heart J. 2014;55:268-270.10.1536/ihj.13-301Search in Google Scholar

45. Kowalski M, Konturek PC, Pieniążek P, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in coronary artery disease and effect of its eradication on coronary lumen reduction after percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Dig Liver Dis. 2001;33:222-229.10.1016/S1590-8658(01)80711-8Search in Google Scholar

46. Armingohar Z, Jorgensen JJ, Kristoffersen AK, Abesha-Belay E, Olsen I. Bacteria and bacterial DNA in atherosclerotic plaque and aneurysmal wall biopsies from patients with and without periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol. 2014;6.10.3402/jom.v6.23408402415925006361Search in Google Scholar

47. Papapanou P. Systemic effects of periodontitis: Lessons learned from research on atherosclerotic vascular disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Int Dent J. 2015;65:283-291.10.1111/idj.12185471329526388299Search in Google Scholar

48. Rathnayake N, Gustafsson A, Norhammar A, et al. Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 and -9 and Myeloperoxidase in Relation to Coronary Heart and Periodontal Diseases: a subgroup report from the PAROKRANK Study (Periodontitis and Its Relation to Coronary Artery Disease). PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126370.10.1371/journal.pone.0126370448844226132583Search in Google Scholar

49. Gupta M, Chaturvedi R, Jain A. Role of cardiovascular disease markers in periodontal infection: understanding the risk. Indian J Dent Res. 2015;26:231-236.10.4103/0970-9290.16287326275186Search in Google Scholar

50. Etemadifar R, Konarizadeh S, Zarei A, Farshidi H, Sobhani A. Relationship between periodontal status and C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels among atherosclerotic patients in Bandar Abbas, Iran in 2014. Electron Physician. 2015;7(1):1010-1016. Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2501-8132
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Clinical Medicine, other, Internal Medicine, Surgery, Emergency Medicine and Intensive-Care Medicine