Clinical update. Computed Tomography — an Emerging Tool for Triple Rule-Out in the Emergency Department. A Review

1. Bhuiya FA, Pitts SR, McCaig LF. Emergency department visits for chest pain and abdominal pain: United States, 1999-2008. NCHS data brief. 2010;43:1-8.Search in Google Scholar

2. Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1163-1170. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM200004203421603.Search in Google Scholar

3. McCarthy BD, Beshansky JR, D'Agostino RB, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department: results from a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:579-582. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81945-6.Search in Google Scholar

4. Pelberg AL. Missed myocardial infarction in the emergency room. Qual Assur Util Rev. 1989;4:39-42. doi:10.1016/j. annemergmed.2006.06.035.Search in Google Scholar

5. Rusnak RA, Stair TO, Hansen KN, et al. Litigation against the emergency physician: common features in cases of missed myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:1029-1034. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80924-2.Search in Google Scholar

6. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.013.Search in Google Scholar

7. Rubinshtein R, Halon DA, Gaspar T, et al. Usefulness of 64-slice cardiac computed tomographic angiography for diagnosing acute coronary syndromes and predicting clinical outcome in emergency department patients with chest pain of uncertain origin. Circulation. 2007;115:1762-1768. doi: 10.1161/ circulationaha.106.61838.Search in Google Scholar

8. Beigel R, Oieru D, Goitein O, et al. Usefulness of routine use of multidetector coronary computed tomography in the ‘fast track’ evaluation of patients with acute chest pain. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:1481-1486. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.009.Search in Google Scholar

9. Fazel P, Peterman MA, Schussler JM. Three-year outcomes and cost analysis in patients receiving 64-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography for chest pain. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:498-500. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.04.011.Search in Google Scholar

10. Hoffmann U, Truong QA, Schoenfeld DA, et al. ROMICATII Investigators. Coronary CT angiography versus standard evaluation in acute chest pain. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:299-308. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1201161.Search in Google Scholar

11. Litt HI, Gatsonis C, Snyder B, et al. CT angiography for safe discharge of patients with possible acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1393-1403. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1201163.Search in Google Scholar

12. Goldstein JA, Chinnaiyan KM, Abidov A, et al. The CT-STAT (coronary computed tomographic angiography for systematic triage of acute chest pain patients to treatment) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1414-1422. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.068.Search in Google Scholar

13. Safriel Y, Zinn H. CT pulmonary angiography in the detection of pulmonary emboli: a meta-analysis of sensitivities and specificities. Clin Imaging. 2002;30;26:101-105.10.1016/S0899-7071(01)00366-7Search in Google Scholar

14. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, Siglow V, Piepho A, Brockhoff C, Koschyk DH, Spielmann RP. The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive imaging procedures. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328:1-9.10.1056/NEJM199301073280101Search in Google Scholar

15. Kolansky DM. Acute coronary syndromes: morbidity, mortality, and pharmacoeconomic burden. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:S36-S41.Search in Google Scholar

16. Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, et al. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA. 2000;283:897-903.10.1001/jama.283.7.897Search in Google Scholar

17. Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH, et al. A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA. 2004;291:2727-2733. doi:10.1001/jama.291. 22.2727.Search in Google Scholar

18. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Goldstein LJ, Elefteriades JA. Natural history, pathogenesis, and etiology of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Cardiol Clin. 1999;17:615-613.10.1016/S0733-8651(05)70105-3Search in Google Scholar

19. Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet. 1999;353:1386-1389.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07534-5Search in Google Scholar

20. Lee TH, Rouan GW, Weisberg MC, et al. Clinical characteristics and natural history of patients with acute myocardial infarction sent home from the emergency room. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:219-224.10.1016/0002-9149(87)90217-7Search in Google Scholar

21. Swap CJ, Nagurney JT. Value and limitations of chest pain history in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2005;294:2623-2629. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.20.2623.Search in Google Scholar

22. Zimmerman J, Fromm R, Meyer D, et al. Diagnostic marker cooperative study for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999;99:1671-1677.10.1161/01.CIR.99.13.1671Search in Google Scholar

23. Henzler T, Gruettner J, Meyer M, et al. Coronary computed tomography and triple rule out CT in patients with acute chest pain and an intermediate cardiac risk for acute coronary syndrome: part 2: economic aspects. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82.1:106-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.06.012.Search in Google Scholar

24. Khare RK, Mark Courtney D, Powell ES, Venkatesh AK, Lee TA. Sixty-four-slice Computed Tomography of the Coronary Arteries: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Low-risk Chest Pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:623-632. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00161.x.Search in Google Scholar

25. Thomas J, Rideau AM, Paulson EK, Bisset GS. Emergency department imaging: current practice. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008;5:811-816. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2008.02.027.Search in Google Scholar

26. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1724-1732. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.031.Search in Google Scholar

27. Hillman BJ. The uncritical use of high-tech medical imaging. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:4-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1003173.Search in Google Scholar

28. Yoon YE, Wann S. Evaluation of acute chest pain in the emergency department: “triple rule-out” computed tomography angiography. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:115-121. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e31820f1501.Search in Google Scholar

29. Takakuwa KM, Halpern EJ. Evaluation of a “Triple Rule-Out” Coronary CT Angiography Protocol: Use of 64-Section CT in Low-to-Moderate Risk Emergency Department Patients Suspected of Having Acute Coronary Syndrome. Radiology. 2008;248:438-446. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2482072169.Search in Google Scholar

30. Gruettner J, Fink C, Walter T, et al. Coronary computed tomography and triple rule out CT in patients with acute chest pain and an intermediate cardiac risk profile. Part 1: impact on patient management. Eur Heart J. 2013;82:100-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.06.001.Search in Google Scholar

31. Hausleiter J, Meyer T, Hadamitzky M, et al. Radiation dose estimates from cardiac multislice computed tomography in daily practice. Circulation. 2006;113:1305-1310. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.105.602490.Search in Google Scholar

32. Leschka S, Alkadhi H, Plass A, et al. Accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography with 64-slice technology: first experience. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1482-1437. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi261.Search in Google Scholar

33. Takakuwa KM, Halpern EJ, Gingold EL, Levin DC, Shofer FS. Radiation dose in a “triple rule-out” coronary CT angiography protocol of emergency department patients using 64-MDCT: the impact of ECG-based tube current modulation on age, sex, and body mass index. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:866-872. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1758.Search in Google Scholar

34. Ayaram D, Bellolio F, Laack T, et al. Triple Rule Out Ct Scan for Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20:861-871. doi: 10.1111/acem.12210.Search in Google Scholar

35. Frauenfelder T, Appenzeller P, Karlo C, et al. Triple rule-out CT in the emergency department: protocols and spectrum of imaging findings. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:789-799. doi: 10.1007/ s00330-008-1231-3.Search in Google Scholar

36. Halpern EJ. Triple-rule-out CT angiography for evaluation of acute chest pain and possible acute coronary syndrome. Radiology. 2009;252:332-345. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522082335.Search in Google Scholar

37. Ferencik M, Nomura CH, Maurovich-Horvath P, et al. Quantitative parameters of image quality in 64-slice computed tomography angiography of the coronary arteries. Eur J Radiol. 2006;57:373-379. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.12.023.Search in Google Scholar