This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Ascough P, Bird MI, Wormald P, Snape CE and Apperlay D, 2008. Influence of pyrolysis variables and starting material on charcoal stable isotopic and molecular characteristics. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 72: 6090–6102, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.009AscoughPBirdMIWormaldPSnapeCEandApperlayD2008Influence of pyrolysis variables and starting material on charcoal stable isotopic and molecular characteristics726090610210.1016/j.gca.2008.10.009Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Baertschi P, 1953. Die fraktionierung der naturlichen kohlenstoffisotopen im kohlendioxydstoffwechsel gruner pflanzen Helvetica Chimica Acta 36: 773–781, 10.1002/hlca.19530360403BaertschiP1953Die fraktionierung der naturlichen kohlenstoffisotopen im kohlendioxydstoffwechsel gruner pflanzen3677378110.1002/hlca.19530360403Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Benington F, Melton C and Watson PJ, 1962. Carbon dating prehistoric soot from Salts Cave, Kentucky. American Antiquity 28: 238–241, 10.2307/278384BeningtonFMeltonCandWatsonPJ1962Carbon dating prehistoric soot from Salts Cave, Kentucky2823824110.2307/278384Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Benner R, Fogel ML, Sprague EK and Hodson RE, 1987. Depletion of δ13C in lignin and its implication for stable isotope studies Nature 329: 708–710, 10.1038/329708a0BennerRFogelMLSpragueEKandHodsonRE1987Depletion of δ13C in lignin and its implication for stable isotope studies32970871010.1038/329708a0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bird MI, 2006. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal. In: Elias SA, ed., The Encyklopedia of Quaternary Science Elsevier, Amsterdam: 2950– 2957.BirdMI2006Elsevier, Amsterdam2950–295710.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00046-6Search in Google Scholar
Bird MI and Ascough PL, 2012. Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon. A review. Organic Geochemistry 42: 1529–1539, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.09.005BirdMIandAscoughPL2012Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon421529153910.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.09.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bird MI and Grocke D, 1997. Determination of the abundance and carbon-isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61: 3413–3423, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00157-9BirdMIandGrockeD1997Determination of the abundance and carbon-isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments613413342310.1016/S0016-7037(97)00157-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bird MI and Cali JA, 1998. A million-year record of fire in sub-Saharan Africa Nature 394: 767–768, 10.1038/29507BirdMIandCaliJA1998A million-year record of fire in sub-Saharan Africa39476776810.1038/29507Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Brodowski S, Amelung W, Haumaier L, Abetz C and Zech W, 2005. Morphological and chemical properties of black carbon in physical soil fractions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Geoderma 128: 116–129, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.019BrodowskiSAmelungWHaumaierLAbetzCandZechW2005Morphological and chemical properties of black carbon in physical soil fractions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy12811612910.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.019Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bronk-Ramsey C, 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates Radiocarbon 51: 337–360, 10.1017/S0033822200033865Bronk-RamseyC2009Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates5133736010.1017/S0033822200033865Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cachier H, Bremond MP and Buat-Manard P, 1989. Determination of atmospheric soot carbon with a simple thermal method. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 41B: 379–390, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00316.xCachierHBremondMPandBuat-ManardP1989Determination of atmospheric soot carbon with a simple thermal method41B379–39010.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00316.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chang SJ, Jeong GY and Kim SJ, 2008. The origin of black carbon on speleothems in tourist caves in South Korea: Chemical characterization and source discrimination by radiocarbon measurement. Atmospheric Environment 42: 1790–1800, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.042ChangSJJeongGYandKimSJ2008The origin of black carbon on speleothems in tourist caves in South Korea: Chemical characterization and source discrimination by radiocarbon measurement421790180010.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.042Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chenoweth K, Van Duin AC and Goddard WA, 2008. ReaxFF reactive force field for molecular dynamics simulations of hydrocarbon oxidation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 112: 1040–1053, 10.1021/jp709896wChenowethKVanDuin ACandGoddardWA2008ReaxFF reactive force field for molecular dynamics simulations of hydrocarbon oxidation1121040105310.1021/jp709896wOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Craig H, 1953. The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3: 53–92, 10.1016/0016-7037(53)90001-5CraigH1953The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes3539210.1016/0016-7037(53)90001-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Craig H, 1954. Carbon-13 in plants and the relationships between carbon-13 and carbon- 14 variations in nature Journal of Geology 62: 115–149, 10.1086/626141CraigH1954Carbon-13 in plants and the relationships between carbon-13 and carbon- 14 variations in nature6211514910.1086/626141Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cressler WL, 2001. Evidence of earliest known wildfires Palaios 16: 171–174, 10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0171:EOEKW>2.0.CO;2CresslerWL2001Evidence of earliest known wildfires1617117410.1669/0883-13512001016<0171:EOEKW>2.0.CO;2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Currie LA, Eglinton TJ, Benner BA Jr and Pearson A, 1997. Radiocarbon “dating” of individual chemical compounds in atmospheric aerosol: first results comparing direct isotopic and multivariate statistical apportionment of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 123: 475–486, 10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00783-5CurrieLAEglintonTJBennerBA JrandPearsonA1997Radiocarbon “dating” of individual chemical compounds in atmospheric aerosol: first results comparing direct isotopic and multivariate statistical apportionment of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons12347548610.1016/S0168-583X(96)00783-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Czimczik CI, Preston CM, Schmidt MWI, Werner RA and Schultze ED, 2002. Effect of charring on mass, organic carbon and stable isotopic composition of wood. Organic Geochemistry 33: 1207–1223.CzimczikCIPrestonCMSchmidtMWIWernerRAandSchultzeED2002Effect of charring on mass, organic carbon and stable isotopic composition of wood331207122310.1016/S0146-6380(02)00137-7Search in Google Scholar
Czimczik CI, Schmidt MWI and Schulze ED, 2005. Effect of increasing fire frequency on black carbon and organic matter in Podzols of Siberian Scots pine forests. European Journal of Soil Sciences 56: 417–428, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00665.xCzimczikCISchmidtMWIandSchulzeED2005Effect of increasing fire frequency on black carbon and organic matter in Podzols of Siberian Scots pine forests5641742810.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00665.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Das O, Wang Y and Hsieh YP, 2010. Chemical and carbon isotopic characteristics of ash and smoke derived from burning of C3 and C4 grasses. Organic Geochemistry 41: 263–269, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.11.001DasOWangYandHsiehYP2010Chemical and carbon isotopic characteristics of ash and smoke derived from burning of C3 and C4 grasses4126326910.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.11.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dittmar T and Koch BP, 2006. Thermogenic organic matter dissolved in the abyssal ocean. Marine Chemistry 102: 208–217, 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.04.003DittmarTandKochBP2006Thermogenic organic matter dissolved in the abyssal ocean10220821710.1016/j.marchem.2006.04.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dittmar T and Paeng J, 2009. A heat-induced molecular signature in marine dissolved organic matter. Nature Geoscience 2: 175–179, 10.1038/NGEO440DittmarTandPaengJ2009A heat-induced molecular signature in marine dissolved organic matter217517910.1038/NGEO440Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad JO, Ehrmann O and Schmidt MWI, 2007. Only small changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal found one year after experimental slash-and-burn in a temperature deciduous forest Biogeosciences Discussions 4: 595–614.EckmeierEGerlachRSkjemstadJOEhrmannOandSchmidtMWI2007Only small changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal found one year after experimental slash-and-burn in a temperature deciduous forest459561410.5194/bgd-4-595-2007Search in Google Scholar
Fengel D and Munich FRG, 1991. Aging and fossilization of wood and its components. Wood Science and Technology 25: 153–177.FengelDandMunichFRG1991Aging and fossilization of wood and its components2515317710.1007/BF00223468Search in Google Scholar
Ferrio JP, Alonso N, Lopez JB, Araus JL and Voltas J, 2006. Carbon isotope composition of fossil charcoal reveals aridity changes in the NW Mediterranean basin. Global Change Biology 12: 1253– 1266, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01170.xFerrioJPAlonsoNLopezJBArausJLandVoltasJ2006Carbon isotope composition of fossil charcoal reveals aridity changes in the NW Mediterranean basin121253–126610.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01170.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Frisch M, Trucks G, Schlegel H, Scuseria G, Robb M, Cheeseman J, Montgomery J, Vreven J, Kudin K, Burant J, Millam J, Iyengar S, Tomasi J, Barone V, Mannucci B, Cossi M, Scalmani G, Rega N, Petersson G, Nakatsuji H, Hada M, Ehara M, Toyota K, Fukuda F, Hasegawa J, Ishida M, Nakajima T, Honda Y, Kitao O, Nakai H, Klene M, Li X, Knox J, Hratchian H, Cross J, Bakken V, Adamo C, Jramillo J, Gomperts R, Stratmann R, Yazyev O, Austin A, Cammi R, Pomelli C, Ochterski J, Ayala P, Morokuma K, Voth G, Salvador P, Dannenberg J, Zakrzewski V, Dapprich S, Daniels A, Strain M, Frakas O, Malick D, Rabuck A, Raghavachari K, Foresman J, Ortiz J, Cui Q, Baboul A, Clifford S, Cislowski J, Stefanov B, Liu G, Liashenko A, Piskorz P, Komaromi I, Martin R, Fox D, Keith T, Al-Laham M, Peng C, Nanayakkara A, Challacombe M, Gill P, Johnson B, Chen W, Wong M, Gonzalez C and Pople J, 2004. Gaussian-94, Revision, C.3,. Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA.FrischMTrucksGSchlegelHScuseriaGRobbMCheesemanJMontgomeryJVrevenJKudinKBurantJMillamJIyengarSTomasiJBaroneVMannucciBCossiMScalmaniGRegaNPeterssonGNakatsujiHHadaMEharaMToyotaKFukudaFHasegawaJIshidaMNakajimaTHondaYKitaoONakaiHKleneMLiXKnoxJHratchianHCrossJBakkenVAdamoCJramilloJGompertsRStratmannRYazyevOAustinACammiRPomelliCOchterskiJAyalaPMorokumaKVothGSalvadorPDannenbergJZakrzewskiVDapprichSDanielsAStrainMFrakasOMalickDRabuckARaghavachariKForesmanJOrtizJCuiQBaboulACliffordSCislowskiJStefanovBLiuGLiashenkoAPiskorzPKomaromiIMartinRFoxDKeithTAl-LahamMPengCNanayakkaraAChallacombeMGillPJohnsonBChenWWongMGonzalezCandPopleJ2004Pittsburgh, PASearch in Google Scholar
Goldberg ED, 1985. Black Carbon in the Environment John Wiley, New York: 198.GoldbergED1985John Wiley, New York198Search in Google Scholar
Gradziński M, Hercman H, Bella P, Debaene G, and Nowicki T, 2002. Tmavé laminácie v sintrových nátekoch jaskyne Domica ako indikátor akivít pravekých ľudí (Dark coloured laminae within speleothems of the Domica Cave as an indicator of the prehistoric men activity). Slovenský Kras 40: 41–48 (in Slovak).GradzińskiMHercmanHBellaPDebaeneGandNowickiT2002Tmavé laminácie v sintrových nátekoch jaskyne Domica ako indikátor akivít pravekých ľudí (Dark coloured laminae within speleothems of the Domica Cave as an indicator of the prehistoric men activity)404148(in Slovak)Search in Google Scholar
Gradziński M, Gorny A, Pazdur A and Pazdur, MF, 2003. Origin of black coloured laminae in speleothems from the Kraków‐Wieluń, Upland, Poland. Boreas 32: 532–542, 10.1080/03009480310003414GradzińskiMGornyAPazdurAandPazdurMF2003Origin of black coloured laminae in speleothems from the Kraków‐Wieluń, Upland, Poland3253254210.1080/03009480310003414Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gradziński M, Hercman H, Nowak M and Bella P, 2007. Age of black coloured laminae within speleothems from Domica Cave and its significance for dating of prehistoric human settlement. Geo-chronometria 28: 39–45, 10.2478/v10003-007-0029-7GradzińskiMHercmanHNowakMandBellaP2007Age of black coloured laminae within speleothems from Domica Cave and its significance for dating of prehistoric human settlement28394510.2478/v10003-007-0029-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Haberstroh PR, Brandes JA, Gélinas Y, Dickens AF, Wirick S, Cody G, 2006. Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70: 1483–1494, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.12.001HaberstrohPRBrandesJAGélinasYDickensAFWirickSCodyG2006Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy701483149410.1016/j.gca.2005.12.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hakkou M, Petrissan M, Gerardin P and Zoulalian A, 2006. Investigation of the reason for fungal durability of heat-treated beech wood. Polymer Degradation and Stability 91: 393–397, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.042HakkouMPetrissanMGerardinPandZoulalianA2006Investigation of the reason for fungal durability of heat-treated beech wood9139339710.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.042Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hall G, Woodborne S and Scholes M, 2008. Stable carbon isotope ratios from archaeological charcoal as palaeoenvironmental indicators. Chemical Geology 247: 384–400, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.001HallGWoodborneSandScholesM2008Stable carbon isotope ratios from archaeological charcoal as palaeoenvironmental indicators24738440010.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hill CA, 1982. Origin of black deposits in caves. National Speleological Society Bulletin 44: 15–19.HillCA1982Origin of black deposits in caves441519Search in Google Scholar
Joeng GY, Kim SJ and Chang SJ, 2003. Black carbon pollution of speleothems by fine urban aerosols in tourist caves. American Mineralogist 88: 1872–1878, 10.2138/am-2003-11-1230JoengGYKimSJandChangSJ2003Black carbon pollution of speleothems by fine urban aerosols in tourist caves881872187810.2138/am-2003-11-1230Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jones TP and Chaloner WG, 1991. Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaoatmospheric significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 97: 39–50, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-YJonesTPandChalonerWG1991Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaoatmospheric significance97395010.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-YOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jones TP, Scott AC and Mattey DP, 1993. Investigations of “fusain transition fossils” from the Lower Carbiniferous: comparison with modern partially charred wood. International Journal of Coal Geology 22: 37–59, 10.1016/0166-5162(93)90037-BJonesTPScottACandMatteyDP1993Investigations of “fusain transition fossils” from the Lower Carbiniferous: comparison with modern partially charred wood22375910.1016/0166-5162(93)90037-BOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Krull E, Skjemstad J, Graetz D, Grice K, Dunning W, Cook G and Parr J, 2003. 13C depleted charcoal from C4 grasses and the role of occluded gases in phytolith. Organic Geochemistry 34: 1337–1352, 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00100-1KrullESkjemstadJGraetzDGriceKDunningWCookGandParrJ200313C depleted charcoal from C4 grasses and the role of occluded gases in phytolith341337135210.1016/S0146-6380(03)00100-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lehmann J, Skjemstad J, Sohi C, Carter J, Berson M, Fallon P, Coleman K, Woodbury P and Krull E, 2008. Australin climate-carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon. Nature Geosciences 1: 832–835.LehmannJSkjemstadJSohiCCarterJBersonMFallonPColemanKWoodburyPandKrullE2008Australin climate-carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon183283510.1038/ngeo358Search in Google Scholar
Manino A and Harvey HR, 2004. Black carbon in estuarine and coastal ocean dissolved organic matter Limnology and Oceanography 49: 735–740, 10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0735ManinoAandHarveyHR2004Black carbon in estuarine and coastal ocean dissolved organic matter4973574010.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0735Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Masiello CA, 2004. New direction in black carbon organic geochemistry. Marine Chemistry 92: 201–213, 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.043MasielloCA2004New direction in black carbon organic geochemistry9220121310.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.043Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Masiello CA and Druffe ERM, 1998. Black carbon in deep sea sediments. Science 280: 1911–1913, 10.1126/science.280.5371.1911MasielloCAandDruffeERM1998Black carbon in deep sea sediments2801911191310.1126/science.280.5371.1911Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Masiello CA, Druffel ERM and Currie LA, 2002. Radiocarbon measurements of black carbon in aerosols and ocean sediments Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66: 1025–1036, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00831-6MasielloCADruffelERMandCurrieLA2002Radiocarbon measurements of black carbon in aerosols and ocean sediments661025103610.1016/S0016-7037(01)00831-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nowack B. and Bucheli TD, 2007. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment Environmental Pollution 150, 5–22, 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.006NowackB.andBucheliTD2007Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment1505–2210.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.00617658673Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ochterski JW, 2000. Thermochemistry in gaussian. Gaussian Inc 1–19.OchterskiJW2000Thermochemistry in gaussian1–19Search in Google Scholar
Pawlyta M and Hercman H, 2016. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as a tool for identification of combustion products: application to black layers in speleothems. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 86: 237–248, 10.14241/asgp.2016.004PawlytaMandHercmanH2016Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as a tool for identification of combustion products: application to black layers in speleothems8623724810.14241/asgp.2016.004Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Petránek J and Pouba Z, 1951. Dating of the development of the Domica Cave, based on the study of the dark zones in the travertine formations. Sborník Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 18: 245– 272. (In Czech, with English summary.)PetránekJandPoubaZ1951Dating of the development of the Domica Cave, based on the study of the dark zones in the travertine formations18245– 272In Czech, with English summarySearch in Google Scholar
Plimpton P, 1995. Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics. Journal of Computational Physics 117: 1–19, 10.1006/jcph.1995.1039PlimptonP1995Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics11711910.1006/jcph.1995.1039Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Poole I, Braadbaart F, Boon J.J and van Bergen PF, 2002. Stable carbon isotope changes during artificial charring of propagules. Organic Geochemistry 33: 1675–1681, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00173-0PooleIBraadbaartFBoonJ.Jandvan BergenPF2002Stable carbon isotope changes during artificial charring of propagules331675168110.1016/S0146-6380(02)00173-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Pósfai M and Molnár A, 2000. Aerosol particles in the troposphere: A mineralogical introduction. Environmental mineralogy 2: 197–252.PósfaiMandMolnárA2000Aerosol particles in the troposphere: A mineralogical introduction219725210.1180/EMU-notes.2.6Search in Google Scholar
Preston CM and Schmidt MWI, 2006. Black, pyrogenic carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences 3: 397–420, 10.5194/bg-3-397-2006PrestonCMandSchmidtMWI2006Black, pyrogenic carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions339742010.5194/bg-3-397-2006Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Qian Y, Engel MH and Macko SA, 1992. Stable isotope fractionation of biomonomers during protokerogen formation Chemical Geology 101: 201–210, 10.1016/0009-2541(92)90002-MQianYEngelMHandMackoSA1992Stable isotope fractionation of biomonomers during protokerogen formation10120121010.1016/0009-2541(92)90002-MOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck WJ, Blackwell PG, Bronk- Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards LR, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatté C, Heaton TJ, Hoffmann DL, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser FK, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Staff RA, Turney CSM and van der Plicht J, 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0– 50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55: 1869–1887, 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947ReimerPJBardEBaylissABeckWJBlackwellPGBronk-Ramsey CBuckCEChengHEdwardsLRFriedrichMGrootesPMGuildersonTPHaflidasonHHajdasIHattéCHeatonTJHoffmannDLHoggAGHughenKAKaiserFKKromerBManningSWNiuMReimerRWRichardsDAScottEMSouthonJRStaffRATurneyCSMandvan derPlicht J2013IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0– 50,000 years cal BP551869188710.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rowell RM and LeVan-Green SL, 2005. Thermal Properties. In: Rowell RN, ed., Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. CRC Press 128–145.RowellRMandLeVan-GreenSL2005Thermal PropertiesInRowellRNedCRC Press128–14510.1201/9780203492437Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt MWI, Skjemstad JO and Jäger C, 2002. Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon: black charnozemic soil in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16: 1123, 10.1029/2002GB001939SchmidtMWISkjemstadJOandJägerC2002Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon: black charnozemic soil in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning16112310.1029/2002GB001939Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Shafizadeh F, 1984. The chemistry of pyrolysis and combustion. In: Rowell RM, ed., The chemistry of solid wood. Advances in Chemistry Series 207: 489–529, 10.1021/ba-1984-0207.ch013ShafizadehF1984The chemistry of pyrolysis and combustion20748952910.1021/ba-1984-0207.ch013Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Song J, Huang W and Peng P, 2012. Stability and carbon isotope changes of soot and char materials during thermal oxidation: Implication for quantification and source appointment. Chemical Geology 330–331: 158–164, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.08.003SongJHuangWandPengP2012Stability and carbon isotope changes of soot and char materials during thermal oxidation: Implication for quantification and source appointment330–33115816410.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.08.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Steelman KL, Rowe MW, Boutton TW, Southon JR, Merrell CL and Hill RD, 2002. Stable isotope and radiocarbon analyses of black deposits associated with pictographs at Little Lost River Cave, Idaho. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 29: 1189–1198, 10.1006/jasc.2001.0791SteelmanKLRoweMWBouttonTWSouthonJRMerrellCLandHillRD2002Stable isotope and radiocarbon analyses of black deposits associated with pictographs at Little Lost River Cave, Idaho291189119810.1006/jasc.2001.0791Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Turney CSM, Wheeler D and Chivas AR, 2006. Carbon isotope fractionation in wood during carbonization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70: 960–964, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.10.031TurneyCSMWheelerDandChivasAR2006Carbon isotope fractionation in wood during carbonization7096096410.1016/j.gca.2005.10.031Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vane CH and Abbott GD, 1999. Proxies for land plant biomass: closed system pyrolysis of some methoxyphenols. Organic Geochemistry 30: 1535–1541, 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00125-4VaneCHandAbbottGD1999Proxies for land plant biomass: closed system pyrolysis of some methoxyphenols301535154110.1016/S0146-6380(99)00125-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Watson PJ, 1966. Prehistoric miners of Salt Cave, Kentucky. Archaeology 19: 237–243.WatsonPJ1966Prehistoric miners of Salt Cave, Kentucky19237243Search in Google Scholar
Wickman FE, 1952. Variations in the relative abundance of the carbon isotopes in plants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2: 243–254, 10.1016/0016-7037(52)90018-5WickmanFE1952Variations in the relative abundance of the carbon isotopes in plants224325410.1016/0016-7037(52)90018-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhang T, Li X, Qiao X, Zheng M, Guo L, Song W and Lin W, 2016. Initial mechanisms for an overall behavior of lignin pyrolysis through large-scale ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. Energy & Fuels 30: 3140–3150, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00247ZhangTLiXQiaoXZhengMGuoLSongWandLinW2016Initial mechanisms for an overall behavior of lignin pyrolysis through large-scale ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations303140315010.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00247Open DOISearch in Google Scholar